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Technology For the Application of Crop Protection Materials
Cover Your Acres Winter Conference January 22 & 23, 2008 Oberlin, KS Robert E. Wolf Associate Professor - Extension Specialist Application Technology, Bio & Ag Engineering, Kansas State University Biological and Agricultural Engineering
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August 5, 2008 Airport & Expo Grounds Great Bend, KS
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www.bae.ksu.edu/faculty/wolf/ rewolf@ksu.edu
For more information contact:
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Concern about droplets!
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Comparison of Micron Sizes for Various Items: (approximate values)
pencil lead (m) paper clip (m) staple (m) toothbrush bristle (m) sewing thread (m) human hair (m) 150 9
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Improving Coverage? 500 microns = 1 125 microns = 64 250 microns = 8
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Important Droplet Statistics:
VMD (50%) or Vd0.5 Operational Area VD0.1 (10%) VD0.9 (90%)
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RS = (Vd.9 – Vd.1)/VMD Relative Span Vd.9 = 400, VMD = 300, Vd.1 = 100
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Calibration!!!! The next phase!
Ensuring that the spray droplet spectrum is what it is supposed to be to maximize efficacy while minimizing drift! A new concept for applicators!
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Droplet Selection/Calibration:
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Droplet Spectra Classification*
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Greenleaf Droplet chart:
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What is the ‘Real’ difference ?
……Medium droplet at 225 microns ……Coarse droplet at 300 microns How much heavier? Or is it??? 300 = 1.33 225 1.33 bigger 1.333 = 1.33 * 1.33 * 1.33 = 2.35 2.35 * 100 = 235% heavier
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Concern about droplets!
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Nozzle Technology…… Nozzles designed to reduce drift
Improved drop size control Emphasis on ‘Spray Quality’ Beginning with the ‘extended range’ flat fan nozzle (all major manufactures have one), continuing with the design of ‘preorifice inserts’ and ‘turbulation chambers’, and now with the ‘venturi’ style nozzle design, nozzle manufacturer's have worked to develop nozzles that are improving the quality of spray emitted.
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Nozzles Types? flat spray chamber air induced
Beginning with the ‘extended range’ flat fan nozzle (all major manufactures have one), continuing with the design of ‘preorifice inserts’ and ‘turbulation chambers’, and now with the ‘venturi’ style nozzle design, nozzle manufacturer's have worked to develop nozzles that are improving the quality of spray emitted.
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Extended Range Flat-fan:
Tapered edge pattern 80 and 110 degree fan Requires overlap - 50 to 60% 15-60 psi range
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Chamber - Pre-orifice Nozzles:
Turbulence chamber as in the Turbo Flood Tapered edge, wide angle flat pattern Designed to work in flat-fan nozzle holder Uniform spray distribution, 50-60% overlap Wide pressure range, 15 – 90 psi Large, drift resistant droplets Plastic with superior wear characteristics Pre-orifice Exit orifice
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Air-Induction/Venturi Nozzles
Where air is drawn into the nozzle cavity and exits with the fluid. Several venturi style nozzles are manufactured and used for the application of crop protection products. Please refer to manufacture recommendations for information on how to use the venturi tips correctly. Also be aware that research is ongoing to learn more about the operating parameters for venturi nozzles.
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Pre-orifice Air Induction Nozzles:
Mixing Chamber Exit orifice
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Ultra Lo Drift: Double inlet preorifice Large drift resistant droplets
Low profile
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Wind Tunnel Drift Results:
Flat-fans Venturi's LSD = 12.7
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Volume Median Diameter (VMD)
% less than 210 Microns 51 35 23 30 14 15 26 19 22 14 13 22 10 17 29 29 15 37 36 45 40 psi psi psi psi Bob Klein, U of Nebraska
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Desired Effect from Additives
VMD (50%) VD0.9 (90%) VD0.1 (10%)
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Actual Effect from Additives
VMD (50%) VD0.9 (90%) VD0.1 (10%)
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Next Generation Air Induction Nozzles:
More compact Larger drops Operates at lower pressures Percentage of fines do not increase with pressure Turbo Injection - TTI
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Next Generation Air Induction Nozzles:
More consistent droplet All-in-one cap and screen Wide angle with 20 degree incline Aim forward or backword Guardian
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New release in 2007: XR outlet with venturi air aspirator design
More compact than AI style 2-piece with removable pre-orifice AI XR TeeJet
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VariTarget: Speed variations from 2-20 MPH
Application rates of 5-40 GPA Variable area pre orifice Variable area spray orifice Optimize spray droplet size Maintain efficacy and minimize drift This nozzle has been built for the task. Developed at the U of TN, sold to Delevan (Patent Squabble rumored), AgCo selling it. They are pushing on new sprayers. Most buyers have no idea about it. It has also been marketed in aerial applications and some problems are reported. The varialble orifices (flexible rubber parts) may not hold up to acres and acres of use. Some adjustments have been made to the gaskets but…. I have proposed a study with the KS Corn Board and am in the final screening for a go. There are no research trials showing efficacy and durability of this nozzle. Time will tell but is sorely needed. Priced at $65-85 per nozzle.
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EPA Requested Changes on the label!
Guidance to Chemical Manufacturers Better information on the label for applicators on mitigating drift. Match crop protection products to target. Adopt droplet standard - ASABE S-572 Buffer Zones or No Spray Zones Maximize Efficacy - Minimize Drift
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EPA’s New Emphasis with Spray Drift Reduction
Drift Reduction Technology Program - DRT Encourage the adoption of technology designed to reduce drift Through use of a testing approach to generate high quality peer-reviewed data. Spray nozzles – reduce fines Sprayer modifiers – shields, hoods Spray delivery assistance – air-assist Spray property modifiers – formulations, drift control Landscape modifications – hedges, shelterbelts
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The Influence of Precision Agriculture
Precision Agriculture and site-specific farming practices have contributed many technologies to agriculture in recent years. Much of the hardware and software is available to take advantage of using site-specific technology to apply crop protections products. Three phases are identified above. Top photo shows a VRT dry applicator applying soil nutrients to a field based on previous soil testing and a prescription map. The middle photo and second major phase shows a grower using a yield monitor to measure crop yields. The lower photo represents the third phase which will involve variable rate application of pesticides. This phase is in the early stages of development.
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Enabling Technology GPS (Global Positioning System)
Increased computing power in smaller packages
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Focus: GPS Guidance Systems
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Parallel Swathing: Light Bar Follow parallel track, A-B line Straight
Curves Circles Swath marking in becoming a widely used practice today. GPS is used to position the spray vehicles in the field. The straight-line A-B tracking line will guide the sprayer back and forth through the field in parallel swaths to match the programmed boom width. Light bars aide the driver in the guidance process. The photo in the lower left illustrates the system being used in the aerial application industry. The red lines are when the sprayer is working and the yellow lines show the turning paths. As this presentation was being developed advancements in using the parallel tracking devices to follow curves and work in circles are being perfected.
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Auto Steering:
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Automatic Boom Height Control
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Basis for Spray Height Control
Reduces operator stress Protect boom from damage Maintain proper nozzle height Reduce drift
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BoomTrac Pro 5 Ultrasonic Sensors (4 Wing sensors with Frame Sensor)
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Raven – Precision Solutions
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Automatic Boom Section Control
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Swath Manager Automatically switch off individual boom (spray or spreader) sections based on location Point end-rows
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Swath Manager Automatically switch off individual boom (spray or spreader) sections based on location Curved field borders Whole-Boom Control Individual Section Control
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Auto Swath Control
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Minimize Skips – Applied Areas Minimize Skips – Exterior Boundary
The upper left image is on the Swath Control page (Softkey E) and shows ‘Minimize Skips’ on an exterior boundary. Notice how the triangles in green show you which boom sections are on. On previously applied areas, it will automatically Minimize Skips as shown in the lower right area. If an area has conflicting rules (i.e. boundary set to Minimize Overlap close to a previously applied area), the rule is to stay off (Minimize Overlap wins).
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Variable Rate/Mapped Applications
Predeveloped application rates dependent on target variables (weed pressures, species, size)
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On board weather instrumentation:
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Disclaimer: Brand names appearing in this presentation are for identification and illustration purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned.
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www.bae.ksu.edu/faculty/wolf/ Thank You rewolf@ksu.edu
For more information contact: Thank You
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