1. Analysis of COAL for UTILIZATION
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Knowledge to be Quasi-static while Destroying the Permanent Entropy Vehicles…..

2. Combustion
performance
Thermal
Performance
Slagging.
Fouling &Erosion
Operational Issues
Fuel Handling
system
Fuel Preparation
Combustion
System
Thermal structures
Design Issues
Fuel & Air

3. Analysis of Coal Proximate Analysis & Ultimate Analysis.
Proximate analysis - to determine the moisture, ash, volatiles matter and fixed carbon
Ultimate or elementary analysis - to determine the elemental composition of the coal

4. Fuel Model

5. Dictionary of Few Indian Coals

6. Ash Model

7. Additional Characteristics of Coal
Sulfur Content : Coal with sulfur > 5% is not recommended for combustion.
Weatherability : Weathering or Slacking Index.
An indication of size stability
Denotes the tendency to break on exposure to alternate wet and dry periods.
Weathering index is the percentage of of coal passing through a seive having 170 mm2 openings.

8. Additional Characteristics of Coal
Grindability Index : A measure of relative ease of grinding coals or the power required for grinding coals in a pulverizer.
GI = 6.93 W W is the weight of sample passing through 200 mesh size.
Important in milling of the coal to a P.F. size specification.
Burning Characteristics of Coal : Free burning coals and Caking Coals -- Caking index -- Pulverulent, sintered, weakly caked, caked and strongly caked.
Ash Fusion temperature -- The temperature where the ash becomes very plastic -- Design of ash handling system. -- Stoker furnace cannot use low ash fusion temperature coals.

9. Maximum Extra-somatic Energy Content of A Fuel
Obtained only thru Combustion.
Standard heat of combustion:
The energy liberated when a substance X undergoes complete combustion, with excess oxygen at standard conditions (25°C and 1 bar).
The heat of combustion is utilised to quantify the performance of a fuel in combustion systems such as furnaces, Combustion engines and power plants.
In industrial terminology it is identified as the Gross Heating (calorific) Value or Higher Heating (calorific) value.
In a general design calculations, only Net Heating (calorific) Value or Lower Heating (calorific) value is used.

10. Ranking of Coal Medium Volatile Bituminous Sub Bituminous (C )
High-Volatile (C ) Bituminous
LowVolatile (C ) Bituminous
Anthracite B A B A HV
High Rank
Low Rank

11. Analysis of Coal The Energy content -- CFRI Formulae --
Low Moisture Coal(M < 2% ) -- CV (Kcal/kg) = 71.7 FC (VM-0.1 A) - 60 M
High Moisture Coal(M > 2%) -- CV(kcal.kg) = 85.6 {100 - (1.1A+M)} - 60 M
Where, M, A, FC and VM denote moister, ash , fixed carbon and Volatile mater (all in percent), respectively.

12. Measurement of Calorific Value : Bomb Calorimeter : Control Mass

13. Thermodynamic Description of Bomb Calorimeter
It is a combination of two closed systems.
Bomb: Constant volume closed system: Interacts only with calorimeter.
Calorimeter: Outer constant volume closed system:
Interacts only with bomb.
Isolates entire system with ambience.

14. The Bomb & Fuel

15. Temperature of Water in the Jacket

16. Energy Balance & Estimation of CV
Who all accepted the Thermal energy (heat) liberated due to combustion?

17. Biochar Production Process

18. Biochar Production at IIT Delhi
Kiln Capacity:25 L, Efficiency:20-25% Feedstock: Leaf Waste, Operating Temperature<450° C

19. Analysis of Biochar Biochar samples C (%) H N S O O/C H/C Moisture
Volatile matter (%)
Fixed C (%)
Ash pH
LWB400
79.4
2.3
0.2
8.6
0.11
0.03
1.2
64.9
24.7
9.3
10.2
LWB300
71.3
3.1
0.9
0.5
12.6
0.18
0.04
1.6
67.5
20.3
10.6
9.8
LWB200
68.3
4.8
1.1
14.2
0.21
0.05
2.2
71.0
15.8
11.0
9.6