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The American Offensives

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Presentation on theme: "The American Offensives"— Presentation transcript:

1 The American Offensives
September-November, 1918

2 Plans for the Allied Offensive
July 24- Meeting of senior commanders Continue push from Marne with immediate attack Foch plans limited offensives to reduce Lys, Amiens, and St. Mihiel Followed by offensive along entire front line Estimated victory: Summer 1919

3 Independent American Army
July 24- Pershing announces formation of American 1st Army Make up: Three American corps (14 division; French corps (3 division) Effective date: Aug. 10 American corps under Pershing and Petain move southward towards St. Mihiel region

4 The St. Mihiel Salient 200 sq. mile (14 miles into Allied lines)
Small copses of woods and flat land Area now German fortress Defended by eight divisions and five in reserve

5 0800- U.S. V corps attacks southeasterly
0500- U.S. I Corps (most experienced) push to the base 0600- French corps attacks the tip of the salient

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7 The Battle of St. Mihiel Pershing supported by British and French artillery, planes, and tanks Many piloted or manned by Americans Germans expect attack near Belfort; division moved to support area Sep. 12- Pershing begins 4 hour bombardment

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10 The Battle of St. Mihiel Germans surprised by rapidity of attack
I Corps made incredible progress Attacks from west and south face heavier resistance and higher casualties Germans eventually withdrew from the salient Sep. 13- St. Mihiel completely under Allied control Local operations mounted to stem counter offensives and secure area

11 The meuse-Argonne Campaign

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13 The Final Allied Offensive
Largest in U.S. military history (1.2 million Americans) Part of the Hundred Days Offensive Main Objective: capture German railway hub at Sedan Organized into three phases Deadliest battle in American history +26,000 deaths Plagued by inexperience and outbreaks of flu

14 Phase One: Preparation
1st Stage- advance 10 miles; clear Argonne Forest 2nd Stage- advance 10 miles to outflank enemy position Area of Operations for Americans was ~15-20 miles Rugged terrain and forests present obstacles for advance German defense system 15 miles deep and had high ground along flanks of incoming American 1st Attacks began Sep 26 with initial assault being successful

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17 Phase One: Execution Extremely slow progress through Sep.
Delay in breaking through center of German line led to arrival of German reserve forces Heavy rains bogged down tanks Resupply efforts more difficult in mud German artillery at heights of banks of Meuse rained down on Allies Lack of experience, teamwork, and logistical support

18 Phase One: Aftermath First Army moved 8 miles into German lines
Heavily defended area 9000 POWs captured; large store of guns Pershing forced to halt and reorganize confused and battered men

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