1. Developmental
Unit 9

2. Zygote Embryo Fetus PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT conception – 2 weeks
period of rapid cell division
Embryo
2 weeks – 3 months
cells attach to mother’s uterine wall & organs develop
Fetus
3 months - birth
developing human organism

3. Prenatal Development - TERATOGENS
TERATOGENS: Agents that can reach the developing embryo or fetus and cause harm
Alcohol
Nicotine
Drugs (both prescription drugs & “street” drugs)
Viruses (the flu)
Toxoplasmosis (contact with cat feces)
Food poisoning

4. Neonate (newborn) REFLEXES
Rooting
Grasping
Startle (Moro Reflex)
Sucking, swallowing, breathing

5. Babies like to look at complex shapes & faces
INFANT VISION
A baby’s vision improves dramatically during the first 6 months as children become able to accommodate (focus)
NEWBORN
Babies’ vision is 40x less accurate than adults at seeing fine details
1 MONTH
Most of the cells in the visual cortex are not yet coated in myelin. Poor contrast sensitivity & color recognition.
2 MONTHS
A newborns rods are fairly mature but their cones are not, making it difficult to decipher fine lines and color.
3 MONTHS
Dramatic change occurs as the visual cotex begins to control vision better. Vision has caught up to other senses. Depth perception is still not accurate.
6 MONTHS
A baby can focus at different distances as well as an adult can. Their ability to see fine details is only 8xworse than ours, 5x better than it was at birth.
ADULT
Between age 6-7 years, a child’s vision reaches adult values
Babies like to look at complex shapes & faces

6. Senses & Social Responsiveness
Sound: Turn towards human voices
Mother’s voice- suck more vigorously
Sight: Gaze longer at human faces vs. random images (bulls-eye/target)
Smell: Week old; detect mother’s scent over stranger

7. Newborn Capacities
Habituation: describes infants’ decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimuli. Researchers infer that newborns have cognitive ability to differentiate between different visual stimuli.

8. MATURATION:
In terms of brain development, natural maturation causes neural interconnection to multiply rapidly after birth.
However, severe deprivation and abuse will retard development. Furthermore, increased stimulation will cause early neural connections.
Maturation sets the basic course of development; experience adjusts it.

9. Normal Maturation

10. Piaget & Cognitive Development
SCHEMA
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Assimilation Accommodation
Make new information fit into existing schemas
Adjust your schema to fit new information

11. “Heart” = SCHEMA Assimilation Accommodation
Make new information fit into existing schemas
Accommodation
Adjusting your schema to fit
new information

12. Law of Conservation (Concrete Operational Stage)
Children (age 6-12) gain a fuller understanding of conservation and other mental operations that allow them to think logically, but only about concrete events.
By age 7, develop law of
Conservation
Not yet 
There we go 

13. Tests of Conservation

14. IMPRINTING: Owen the baby hippo & Mzee, the 130-year-old tortoise
the process by which animals form attachments during a limited critical period early in life
Owen the baby hippo & Mzee, the 130-year-old tortoise

15. Harry HARLOW Conducted a study of attachment in monkeys. (1963-1968).
key name
Harry HARLOW
Conducted a study of attachment in monkeys. ( ).
Monkeys preferred the comfort of a cloth surrogate "mother" over that of a wire one – proving that attachment is about more than just supplying food .
Worked with Maslow at U Wisconsin

16. Baby Monkeys Raised In Isolation
Overly aggressive or;
Overly fearful
Incapable of mating when older

17. PARENTING STYLES (Diana BAUMRIND)
“Because I said so.”
AUTHORITARIAN
rhymes with “Totalitarian”
Authoritarian parents impose rules and expect obedience.
“Whatever.”
PERMISSIVE
Permissive parents submit to their child’s desires, make few demands and use little punishment.
“Let’s talk about it.”
AUTHORITATIVE
Authoritative parents encourage open discussion and allow for exceptions when enforcing rules.

18. What’s Best? Authoritative: Authoritarian: Permissive:
Highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competency
Authoritarian:
Less social skills and self-esteem
Permissive:
More aggressive and less mature