1. PACKET #10: Acids, Bases, and Salts Reference Tables: K, L, M, J, & T

2. Table K Table L

3. ARRHENIUS THEORY OF ACIDS
Svante Arrhenius (Sweden);
An Arrhenius Acid has H and releases H+ in
an aqueous solution.
Example: HCl, HBr, H2SO4
The H+ ion is the only positive ion in these solutions. The H+ ions are always attached to H2O forming H3O+ (hydronium ions).

4. Characteristics of Acids: Table K
Acids in an aqueous solution (in water) conducts electricity (Electrolytes).
Blue Litmus - turns red in an acid
Phenolphthalein - colorless in an acid
pH is less than 7

5. Characteristics of Acids
Contains a high concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) or you can say Hydronium Ion (H3O+)
H2O + H+ = H3O+
Taste Sour
Conduct Electricity (Electrolyte):
The greater the concentration the better they conduct electricity
If the acid is a good conductor of electricity it is called a strong acid
If the acid is a poor conductor of electricity it is called a weak acid
Corrosive – used to clean metals

6. Reactions of Acids with Metals
Acids react with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas (H2)
Look at Reference Table J
Metals Above hydrogen will react with hydrogen containing acids to produce a salt and hydrogen gas (H2)

7. ARRHENIUS THEORY OF BASES
An Arrhenius base has OH (hydroxide) and releases OH- (hydroxide ion) in an aqueous solution.
Example: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
The OH- ion is the only negative ion in these solutions.
Example: Which substances can be classified as an Arrhenius acid? 1. NaCl HCl 3. LiOH 4. KOH

8. Characteristics of Bases: Table L
Bases in an aqueous solution (in water) conducts electricity (Electrolytes).
Red Litmus - turns blue in an base
Phenolphthalein - pink in an base
pH is greater than 7

9. Characteristics of Bases
Contains a high concentration of Hydroxide ion (OH-)
Taste bitter; feel slippery or soapy
Conduct Electricity
The greater the concentration the better they conduct electricity
If the base is a good conductor of electricity it is called a strong base
If the base is a poor conductor of electricity it is called a weak base
Caustic – dissolves skin

10. Characteristics of Salts
An ionic compound that has positive ions other than hydrogen (H+) and negative ions other than hydroxide (OH-).
Example: NaCl (Na+ and Cl-).
Salts conduct electricity (Electrolytes).
ACIDS, BASES & SALTS ARE ELECTROLYTES

11. Beware of Tricks . . .
Later, we will learn about Organic compounds, which are compounds that contain carbon.
Two are organic acids and alcohols.
Organic Acids have a functional group –COOH, so when you see a compound with carbon and this functional group it is an acid!!
Ex: CH3COOH
Alcohols have a functional group –OH (hyroxyl), not OH- (hydroxide); alcohols are not bases!!
Ex: CH3OH

12. Neutralization Reactions
In neutralization reactions an Arrhenius Acid and an Arrhenius Base react to form Salt and Water.

13. Neutralization Reactions
NaOH + HCl 
NaOH + HNO3 
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 
H3PO4 + Mg(OH)2 
HC2H3O2 + Al(OH)3 
H2CO3 + KOH 

14. Bronsted-Lowry Acid/Base Theory

15. Bronsted-Lowry Theory (Alternate Acid-Base Theory)
Johannes Bronsted (Denmark);
Thomas Lowry (England);
Acids: H+ donor (proton donors)
Bases: H+ acceptor (proton acceptors)
Bases
Accept
Acids
Donate

16. Bronsted-Lowry Theory (Alternate Acid-Base Theory)
Example:
HCl(g) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + Cl- (aq)
HCl is the acid; donating H+ to H2O
H2O is the base; accepts H+ to form H3O+
Try this one . . .
HNO3(g) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

17. Conjugate Acid Base Pairs
Two substances that are related to each other by the donating and accepting of a single proton.
A conjugate base is what remains after the acid donates a proton
A conjugate acid is what is formed when a base accepts a proton.

18. Conjugate Acid Base Pairs
1. Identify the acids, bases, and conjugate pairs in the following reaction. Explain your reasoning.
NH4+ + OH- → NH3 + H2O
2. Identify the acids, bases, and conjugate pairs in the following reaction. Explain your reasoning.
H3PO4 + NO2- → HNO2 + H2PO4-
3. Identify the acids, bases, and conjugate pairs in the following reaction. Explain your reasoning.
HI (aq) + H2O (l) → H3O+ (aq) + I- (aq)

19. Amphoteric Substances
An amphoteric substance can sometimes act like an acid and sometimes act like a base. Examples are H2O & HSO4
H2O + H2O  H3O+ + OH- (one water is an acid and one is a base)
Water #1 is an acid (an H+ donor); OH- remains
Water #2 is a base (an H+ acceptor); H3O+ remains

20. pH Scale
Logarithmic scale indicating the acidity of a substance. A pH less than 7 is acidic; the lower the number the more acidic. A pH more than 7 is basic; the higher the number the more basic. A pH of 7 is neutral.
0-2 = strong acid
3-5 = medium strong acid
6 = weak acid
7 = neutral
8 = weak base
9-11 = medium strong base
12-14 = strong base

21. pH Scale
Movement from one whole number to the next represents a change by a power of 10.
Acids: 1-7, [H3O+] > [OH-]
Neutral: 7, [H3O+] = [OH-]
Bases: 7-14, [H3O+] < [OH-]
EXAMPLE:
Which pH change represents a hundredfold increase in the concentration of H3O+?
1. pH 5 to pH 7
2. pH 13 to pH 14
3. pH 3 to pH 1
4. pH 4 to pH 3

22. Meaning of pH pH = -log[H+] Example:
Determine the pH of a solution in which the
[H+] = 1.0X10-5 M. Is this solution acidic or basic?
pH = -log[1.0X10-5] = -(-5) = 5
The solution is acidic.

23. Meaning of pH
Example 2: An unknown solutions is found to have a hydronium ion concentration of 1.00X10-11 M. Is the solution acidic or basic?
Example 3: What is the hydronium ion concentration of a solution with a pH of 7?

24. Meaning of pOH
pOH is the concentration of OH- instead of the concentration of H+/
pH + pOH = 14; therefore, the sum of the hydrogen and the hydroxide ions must be 14. If the pH is 3, then the pOH must be 11; if the pOH is 10, then the pH must be 4.
pOH = -log[OH-]

25. Meaning of pOH
Example 1: What is the pOH of a 1.0X10-8 M NaOH solution?
Example 2: Determine the pOH of a solution if the pH is 12.
Example 3: What is the pOH of a M HI solution?

26. pH Indicators – Table M
Indicators change color when pH changes. They show whether a solution is an acis or base and how strong.
Methyl orange: turns red in a solution with pH of 3.2 or less. It turns yellow in when pH is 4.4 or more. Between 3.1 and 4.4 is a blended color (orange).
Bromthymol blue: turns yellow in a solution with pH of 6.0 or less (acidic) and turns blue in base with a pH of 7.6 or more.
Bromcresol green: turns yellow in a solution with pH 3.8 or less. It turns blue in a solution with pH 5.4 or more.
You can use more than one indicator to really pin point the pH

27. Titration
Titration is a lab process in which a volume of a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution.
Titration is a practical application of a neutralization reaction.
A titration reaction involves a complete neutralization reaction where the moles of H+ equals the moles of OH-
An indicator previously added to the solution, such as litmus or phenolphthalein, indicates the change from acid to neutral or basic to neutral.

28. Titration Procedure
Place a measured amount of acid or base of unknown concentration in a flask and add two drops of phenolphthalein
Use a ring stand with a burette clamp and a burette as shown in the diagram to the right. Fill the burette with a standard solution (an acid or base of known concentration)
The burette is used to measure the amount of standard solution that is dispensed

29. Titration Procedure Continued… (#H+) MAVA =MBVB (#OH-)
Hold the flask containing the acid or base of unknown concentration under the burette. Run the standard solution slowly into the flask, mixing occasionally by swirling. When the color begins to change on contact with the standard solution, add the standard solution one drop at a time until one final drop causes a complete and permanent color change.
Determine the volume of standard solution used
Calculate the concentration of the unknown solution using the data you gathered and the equation (Table T)
(#H+) MAVA =MBVB (#OH-)

30. (#H+) MAVA =MBVB (#OH-)
Neutralization Means (H+ = OH-)
MA = molarity of H+
VA = volume of acid
MB = molarity of OH-
VB =  volume of base

35. Example 1:
What is the molarity of HCl (aq) if 10. milliliters of 4.0 M NaOH (aq) neutralizes exactly 20. milliliters of HCl (aq)?

36. Example 2:
What is the molarity of NaOH (aq) if 10. milliliters of 2 M HBr (aq) neutralizes exactly 5. milliliters of NaOH (aq)?

37. MAVA = MBVB Three trials (3).
The base is in the flask and the acid is in the buret.
The concentration of the acid is .5M
The volume of the base for each trial is 20mL.
SOLVING FOR THE CONCENTRATION OF THE BASE!

39. Explain what is shown below.

58. Review Questions
1) When an Arrhenius acid dissolves in water, the only positive ion in the solution is
A) H+ B) K+ C) Li+ D) Na+
2) Which ion is the only negative ion present in an aqueous solution of an Arrhenius base?
A) hydrogen ion
B) hydride ion
C) hydroxide ion
D) hydronium ion

59. 3) Which substance is an Arrhenius base?
A) CH3OH B) CH3Cl C) KOH D) KCl
4) Given the reaction: NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl
In this reaction, ammonia molecules (NH3) act as a base because they
A) accept hydroxide ions (OH-)
B) donate hydroxide ions (OH-)
C) donate hydrogen ions (H+)
D) accept hydrogen ions (H+)
5) Which of these pH numbers indicates the highest level of acidity?
A) B) C) 5 D) 8

60. 6) Which of these 1 M solutions will have the highest pH?
A) NaCl B) CH3OH C) HCl D) NaOH
7) Which equation represents a neutralization reaction?
A) H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2  MgSO4 + 2H2O
B) Na2CO3 + CaCl2  2NaCl + CaCO3
C) Ni(NO3)2 + H2S  NiS + 2HNO3
D) NaCl + AgNO3  AgCl + NaNO3
8) A student neutralized 16.4 milliliters of HCl by adding 12.7 milliliters of M KOH.
What was the molarity of the HCl acid?
A) M B) M C) M D) M

61. 9) How many milliliters of 0
9) How many milliliters of M NaOH(aq) would be needed to completely neutralize 50.0 milliliters of M HCl(aq)?
A) 16.7mL B) 300.mL C) 50.0 mL D) 150. mL
10) Given the reaction at equilibrium:
HSO-4 + H2O > H3O+ + SO4-2
The two Bronsted bases are
A) H2O and H3O+
B) H3O+ and SO4-2
C) H2O and SO4-2
D) H3O+ and HSO-4

62. 11) If a solution has a hydronium ion concentration of 1 x 10-9 M, the solution is
A) basic and has a pH of 5
B) basic and has a pH of 9
C) acidic and has a pH of 9
D) acidic and has a pH of 5
12) Which relationship between ion concentrations always exists in an aqueous solution that is basic?
A) [H+] is less than [OH-].
B) [H+] equals zero.
C) [H+] equals [OH-].
D) [H+] is greater than [OH-].

63. 13) A student recorded the following buret readings during a titration of a base with an acid:
Calculate the molarity of the KOH. [Show all work. Record your answer to the correct number of significant figures.]