1. Variations in the Output Power and Surface Heating Effects of Transducers in Therapeutic Ultrasound 
Christian Kollmann, PhD, Gerda Vacariu, MD, Othmar Schuhfried, MD, Veronika Fialka-Moser, MD, Helmar Bergmann, PhD 
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 
Volume 86, Issue 7, Pages (July 2005)
DOI: /j.apmr
Copyright © 2005 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Examples of IR-thermography images showing transducer surfaces operating in CW mode: (A) circular flat transducer driven with an intensity of 2W/cm2 and (B) spherical transducer driven with an intensity of 50mW/cm2.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2005 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
Increase of transducer surface temperature for equipment operating in CW mode with different intensities (a small ERA transducer for the same machine is indicated with [s] as seconds within the legend).
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2005 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

4. Fig 3
Increase of transducer surface temperature for equipment operating in PW mode with different intensities (a small ERA transducer for the same machine is indicated with [s] within the legend).
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2005 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

5. Fig 4
Displayed versus measured power for various ERA of machines operating in CW mode.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2005 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

6. Fig 5
Displayed versus measured power for various ERA of machines operating in PW mode.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2005 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

7. Fig 6
IR-thermography images of the inner forearm after 1 minute of transmission in CW mode at 1W/cm2 by the same transducer under 3 conditions: (A) the transducer was statically coupled to the skin, but not activated (reference temperature); (B) the transducer was preheated, emitting in air for 5 minutes before being applied to the skin (surface temperature, ≈55°C); and (C) the transducer was applied at ambient surface temperature then operated.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /j.apmr )
Copyright © 2005 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions