1. March 21, 2011 What are chemical compounds? Why are enzymes important?
How does our current unit connect with the previous unit?

2. Chemical Compounds of Living Things
6 basic elements that make up living things:
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Oxygen (O)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)

3. CARBON Forms special, strong covalent bonds Forms 4 bonds!
Defining element of ORGANIC compounds
Biotic things
Abiotic things are inorganic (ex: air, water, salt, CO2)

4. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Four groups of organic compounds:
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, & Proteins
Called Macromolecules or Polymers
Composed of Monomers = “single units”

5. CARBOHYDRATES For every 2 Hydrogen, there is 1 oxygen
Elements: C, H, O
For every 2 Hydrogen, there is 1 oxygen
Monomer (for complex): Sugar
Often end in -ose
Use: Major source of energy
Types: Simple Sugars or Complex Sugars

6. CARBOHYDRATES Simple Sugars AKA Monosaccharide or disaccharide
Use: Quick energy
Monosaccharide Examples:
Glucose Fructose

7. CARBOHYDRATES Disaccharide Examples:
Sucrose (Table Sugar) Lactose (Milk)

8. CARBOHYDRATES 2) Complex Sugars AKA Polysaccharide
Use: store excess sugar; long-term energy
Examples: Starch, Cellulose (plant cell walls), glycogen (stored in liver), chitin (fungi cell walls, animal exoskeletons)

9. CARBOHYDRATES Dehydration synthesis:
putting together two simple sugars to make a complex sugar
water released
Hydrolysis:
Breaking apart complex sugar into simple sugar
Water is used/consumed

10. CARBOHYDRATES
Dehydration

11. LIPIDS Store energy Form membranes Insulation
Elements: C, H, O
More than 2 H for 1 O
Ex. C6 H35 O6
Monomer: Fatty Acids
Uses:
Store energy
Can produce 2x as much energy as carbs, but harder to get energy from lipids
Form membranes
Insulation

12. LIPIDS Types 1) Fats- solid at room temp
Saturated: no double bonds, harmful!
(ex. Butter, Crisco, etc)
2) Oils- liquid at room temp
Unsaturated: at least 1 double bond
(ex. Oils)
3) Waxes- solid at room temp

13. LIPIDS

14. NUCLEIC ACIDS Elements: C, H, O, N, P Monomer: Nucleotide 3 parts:
Sugar (ring)
Phosphate group (P)
Nitrogen base (A, C, T, G)

15. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Use: Help with cellular activity in body, carry genetic code
Types:
DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid (genetic information, found in cell nucleus)
RNA = Ribonucleic acid (carries out instructions from DNA)

16. PROTEINS Elements: C, H, O, N Monomer: Amino Acids
20 different amino acids (ex. Tryptophan)
R group is always different

17. PROTEINS Uses: growth & maintenance of cells
carry out chemical reactions (enzymes: names often end in –ase)
pump molecules in & out of cells
gives cells the ability to move
aids in muscle growth
hair/fingernails (keratin)
**Made via dehydration synthesis
**Broken down via hydrolysis
(see carbohydrates!)

18. PROTEINS

20. ENZYME FUNCTION Function of Enzymes affected by: Temperature
Increase temp = increase enzyme function
Decrease temp = decrease enzyme function
Extreme temperature = enzyme breaks down (denature) and no longer works
pH level (neutral is best)
Enzyme concentration (more enzymes = faster breakdown)
Concentration of other ions (salt, etc)