1. Memory -the process by which we recollect prior experiences and information and skills learned in the past.
Memory - The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

2. Basic Tasks: (Information-Processing Model)
Memory – mental processes involved acquiring, storing, and recovering knowledge
Creates internal record of an experience
Basic Tasks: (Information-Processing Model)
1. Encoding – acquiring info into the memory system; getting the info in!
2. Storage - retraining info over time; saving the info!
3. Retrieval - recovering info from memory storage; getting the info back out!

3. Multiple Systems Model
Memory is not a single, unitary system that relies on one circuit, rather memory is made up of multiple memory systems that can work independently of each other (parallel processing)
Declarative memory (explicit)- consciously controlled
Working memory
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Nondeclarative memory (implicit)
Priming
Conditioning
Motor/procedural memory

4. Types of Long Term Memories
Explicit
(declarative)
with conscious recall
Implicit
(nondeclarative)
without conscious recall
Facts- general knowledge
(“semantic memory”)
Personally experienced events
(“episodic memory”)
Skills- motor and cognitive
Classical and operant conditioning effects
Oliver Sacks “The Lost Mariner” p ]

5. Implicit Memories retention independent of conscious recollection; learning how to do something (aka: procedural memory)
Procedural Memories
Motor memory
Conditioned Memories
Associations made
Priming
Automatic process that enhances the speed of a response as a result of past experience

6. We classify different Kinds of Explicit memory by:
Events  EPISODIC MEMORY
General knowledge SEMANTIC MEMORY
2-18 seconds/limited info-> Working Memory
It processes new information, along with old info it retrieves from LTM

7. Explicit Memories Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” (aka: declarative memory)
Episodic Memories- personally experienced events
Semantic Memories- facts, general knowledge

8. “Capture this!” – The Brain
Flashbulb Memories
“Capture this!” – The Brain
Flashbulb Memories= a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
You likely recall where you first heard the news of 9/11 (well not anymore…you are babies!)

9. Recall Versus Recognition
you must retrieve the information from your memory
Use of a general cue to retrieve memory
fill-in-the blank or essay tests
you must identify the target from possible targets
Use of specific cues
multiple-choice tests

10. Part: 1 - Name the seven dwarves…..

11. Part 2: Now Name Them

12. Now pick out the seven dwarves from the list:
Part: 3
Now pick out the seven dwarves from the list:
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy

13. Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

14. Was it easy or hard? It depends on several things….
If you like Disney movies? (Interest level)
When was the last time you have seen the movie? (experience, how “fresh”, recency effect)
Are people around you being loud pain in the butts so you cannot concentrate? (ability to focus/ pay attention; distractions;)

15. Memory worksheet
Test your memory!

16. The Memory Process Three step process….
Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. (We get information into our brain.)
Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. (retain that encoded info!)
Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage. (get it back out!)

17. Three Box Model of Memory/ Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Three-Stage Processing Model

18. Sensory Memory
A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information.
Sperling’s research on Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory

19. Sensory Memory Iconic Memory Echoic Memory
Sperling’s research revealed that we have a fleeting photographic memory called iconic memory- a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic Memory
We also have an impeccable, though fleeting, memory for auditory sensory images, called echoic memory- a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds

20. Short Term Memory The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM.
Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically.
Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds.
We recall digits better than letters.
Short Term Memory Activity

21. Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM
Chunking- Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. We recall it more easily!
Mnemonic devices-(nih-MON-iks): memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."
Rehearsal- the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
[5 finger mnemonic]
[Memory Activity 2.1 Short Term Memory- Immediate Memory Span]

22. Mnemonic: Wundt you like me to be your father?
William Wundt = Father of Psychology!
PEG WORD SYSTEM:
ONE-BUN
TWO-SHOE
THREE-TREE
FOUR DOOR
FIVE HIVE
SIX STICKS
SEVEN HEAVEN
EIGHT GATE
NINE SWINE
TEN HEN
TIME TO SHOP!

23. Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve:
Spacing Effect
Spacing Effect- the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice
DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve:
Ebbinghaus found that the more times
he practiced a list of nonsense syllables
on day 1, the fewer repetitions he
required to relearn it on day 2. Said
simply, the more time we spend learning
novel (new) information, the more we
retain it!

24. Long Term Memory Unlimited storehouse of information.
Explicit (declarative) memories
Implicit (non-declarative) memories

25. Storing Memories Long Term-Potentiation
long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously.
In other words…they learn to fire together and get better at it…creating a memory.

26. seeing a hippo on campus?
The Hippocampus
Mnemonic-
Wouldn’t you remember
seeing a hippo on campus?
Hippocampus- a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage

27. Implicit storage: cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
Forming and storing memories created by classical conditioning
Blinking when air is puffed in your eye
Motor memory
Skills memory
Riding a bike

28. Encoding Information
Primacy Effect- the tendency to recall the initial items, or items in a series
Recency Effect- the tendency to recall the last items in a series
Serial Positioning Effect- our tendency to recall best the last and first items of a set

29. Encoding Exercise
The Ways we can encode…
Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.
Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.
Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning.
Activity Time!

30. The Context Matters!!! Flashbulb Memories
Mood Congruent Memory-the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
State Dependent Memory- memory in which information is more easily retrieved when one is in the same physiological or emotional state as when the memory was originally encoded or learned

31. Constructive Memory Memories are not always what they seem.
Elizabeth Loftus (p.380)
A constructed memory is a created memory.
Misinformation effect

32. Memory Construction We filter information and fill in missing pieces
Misinformation Effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
Source Amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)

33. Memory Construction Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned
Depiction of actual accident
Leading question:
“About how fast were the cars
going when they smashed into
each other?”
Memory
construction
Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned

34. Memory Construction Memories of Abuse False Memory Syndrome
Repressed or Constructed?
Child sexual abuse does occur
Some adults do actually forget such episodes
False Memory Syndrome
condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience
sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists

35. Memory Construction Most people can agree on the following:
Injustice happens
Incest happens
Forgetting happens
Recovered memories are commonplace
Memories recovered under hypnosis or drugs are especially unreliable
Memories of things happening before age 3 are unreliable
Memories, whether false or real, are upsetting

36. Forgetting

37. Amnesia Anterograde Retrograde
You can recall your past, but can not form new memories
You cannot recall past events

38. Let’s play another game!
Forgetting…
Encoding failure…
Ummmm…what? I wasn’t listening…
If you don’t have to remember- why would you?
Activity 3.1
Storage decay
Ebbinghaus
Retrieval Failure
PORN (now I have your attention!)
Let’s play another game!
The Rumor Chain

39. Forgetting
Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number.
Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information.
Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information.
Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name.

40. Forgetting as Interference
Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information
Proactive (forward acting) Interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
Retroactive (backwards acting) Interference
disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information

41. Forgetting as Interference

42. Hours elapsed after learning syllables
Forgetting
Retroactive Interference
Without interfering
events, recall is
better
After sleep
After remaining awake
Hours elapsed after learning syllables
90% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Percentage
of syllables
recalled

43. Forgetting Forgetting can occur at any memory stage
As we process information, we filter, alter, or lose much of it

44. Forgetting- Interference
Motivated Forgetting
people unknowingly revise memories
Repression
defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories