1. Cell-based bone regeneration for alveolar ridge augmentation – Cell source, endogenous cell recruitment and immunomodulatory function 
Masaru Kaku, DDS, PhD, Yosuke Akiba, DDS, PhD, Kentaro Akiyama, DDS, PhD, Daisuke Akita, DDS, PhD, Masahiro Nishimura, DDS, PhD 
Journal of Prosthodontic Research 
Volume 59, Issue 2, Pages (April 2015)
DOI: /j.jpor
Copyright © 2015 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Isolation and bone regenerative capacity of DFAT cells. (a) Dedifferentiation and proliferation of mature adipocytes by ceiling culture. Isolated unicolor mature adipocytes adhered to the top inner surface of a culture flask and generated fibroblast-like cells. (b) Microscopic view of primary cultured DFAT cells harvested from rat inguinal fat pads after 7 days of ceiling culture. Black arrows indicate lipid droplets in mature adipocytes. Scale bars=250μm. (c) DFAT cells transplantation showed alveolar bone regeneration (scale bar=1000μm; Hematoxylin and Eosin staining). Higher magnification of the framed area. Black arrows indicate newly formed alveolar bone. Black arrow heads indicate newly formed cementum (scale bar=100μm; Hematoxylin and Eosin staining).
Journal of Prosthodontic Research  , DOI: ( /j.jpor )
Copyright © 2015 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Schematic diagram illustrating the concept of transplanted MSCs recruitment of endogenous osteogenic cells and contribution to bone formation. MSCs are transplanted with scaffold and growth factors. Transplanted MSCs differentiate and secrete a secretome containing chemokines and growth factors. Endogenous osteoprogenitor cells are recruited by chemokines and growth factors, and migrating to healing sites. Migrating cells and transplanted cells are stimulated by the secretome in an autocrine and paracrine manner, and contribute to bone regeneration.
Journal of Prosthodontic Research  , DOI: ( /j.jpor )
Copyright © 2015 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3 MSC transplantation: systemic vs. local.
Journal of Prosthodontic Research  , DOI: ( /j.jpor )
Copyright © 2015 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Multiple and synergistic roles of transplanted osteoprogenitor cells in bone augmentation.
Journal of Prosthodontic Research  , DOI: ( /j.jpor )
Copyright © 2015 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5 Cell-based alveolar ridge augmentation: current and future.
Journal of Prosthodontic Research  , DOI: ( /j.jpor )
Copyright © 2015 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions