1. Covalent Bonds
Electrons are shared

2. How do you identify a covalent formula?
All Nonmetals in formula
How do you identify a covalent formula?

3. To get the configuration of a noble gas
Why do atoms form bonds?

4. Linear
Shape of all diatomics?

5. Pyramid
Shape of NH3, NF3, PH3, etc?

6. Bent
Shape of H2O, H2S, H2Se, etc.?

7. How do you make a Lewis Dot Structure?
Arrange the symbols
Count up the valence electrons
Distribute the valence electrons, starting with the bonding pairs – single bonds
Tests
How do you make a Lewis Dot Structure?

8. Tetrahedral
Shape of CH4, CCl4, etc.?

9. Has poles – the ends are different!
Polar

10. Electronegativity Difference is 0.5 to 1.7
Polar

11. No poles. Ends are the same.
Nonpolar

12. Electronegativity difference = 0 to 0.5
Nonpolar

13. Electronegativity difference  1.7
Ionic

14. Extremely polar
Ionic

15. Formula has a metal and a nonmetal
Ionic

16. Polar. Water is bent. The O end is a bit negative & the H end is a bit positive.

17. Results from attractions between nucleus on 1 atom & electrons on another atom.
Bonding

18. releases energy.
Making a bond …

19. Absorbs energy.
Breaking a bond …

20. Covalent Compounds are
Molecular compounds.
Covalent Compounds are

21. Triple Bond N2

22. Double Bond O2

23. When bonds are made, energy is …
released.
When bonds are made, energy is …

24. When bonds are broken, energy is …
absorbed.
When bonds are broken, energy is …

25. As the energy of a system , the stability generally …
increases.
As the energy of a system , the stability generally …

26. System releases energy. Its energy level goes down.
Exothermic

27. Properties of Molecular Substances
Soft
Low melting point & low boiling point
Does not conduct electricity in any phase
Does not dissolve in water
React slowly
Properties of Molecular Substances

28. Electrons are shared equally between the two atoms
Nonpolar Bonds

29. Molecule must contain polar bonds and they must be arranged asymmetrically.
Molecular Polarity

30. Molecular Polarity Depends on the shape (Bent & Pyramidal are polar
Linear & tetrahedral, polarity depends on composition.)
Molecular Polarity

31. Nonpolar Molecules Noble gas atoms (kickballs)
Diatomics of the form A2 (footballs)
Larger molecules that have high symmetry
Nonpolar Molecules

32. Diatomics of the form AB Larger molecules that have low symmetry
Polar Molecules

33. Nonpolar Molecules Weak Intermolecular Forces
(Dispersion or Van der Waals)
Low boiling points & melting points
Tend to be gases
Nonpolar Molecules

34. Polar Molecules Intermolecular Forces are Dipole-dipole forces
Stick together easier than nonpolar molecules
Polar Molecules

35. Coordinate Covalent Bond
Covalent bond where both electrons in the bond are donated by 1 atom.
Coordinate Covalent Bond

36. Coordinate Covalent Bond+ H
H:N:H
H:N:H H .. ..
+ H+  .. ..
Coordinate Covalent Bond

37. Coordinate Covalent Bond
Both electrons in the bond are donated by the same atom.
Coordinate Covalent Bond

38. Compound that exhibits both covalent & ionic bonding
Compound that contains a polyatomic ion.
Compound that exhibits both covalent & ionic bonding

39. How to calculate the polarity of a bond
Subtract the electronegativities of the 2 atoms.
How to calculate the polarity of a bond