1. Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration

2. 7.1 Energy and Metabolism

3. The C – C bonds store energy
Burning reaction with oxygen; release energy from organic molecules
Cells break organic molecules apart in small, manageable steps
Most of these steps are oxidation–reduction reactions (redox reactions)
Electrons removed carry energy used to make ATP

5. 7.2 Glycosis

6. In the Cytoplasm
Glycolysis found in ALL cells
Net yield of 2 ATP per glucose
Electrons from glucose are transferred to 2 electron carrier NADH
Produces 2 three-carbon pyruvate molecules

7. 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and Citric Acid Cycle

9. Inside the Mitochondria
Each pyruvate is split into CO2 and a two-carbon acetyl group (Acetyl CoA)
Electrons are removed combine with NADH
Citric Acid Cycle
Each acetyl groups are transferred forming citric acid
ATP formed
Three NADH form and 1 FADH2
Two CO2 released

10. 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation

11. Electron Transfer Chain
Last stage occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane
NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons and H+ to electron transfer chains
E.T.C. move H+ actively across the inner membrane
Ion gradient causes the ions to flow through the ATP synthase
Oxygen accepts electrons at the end of mitochondrial electron transfer chains

14. For each glucose molecule, 4 ATP form in the first- and second-stage reactions
The twelve electron carriers produce 32 additional ATP during the third stage
36 net ATP are produced in total

15. 7.5 Metabolism without oxygen

16. Fermentation Pyruvate is not fully broken down to CO2
No additional ATP forms
The net yield is two ATP
Alcoholic fermentation: pathway that produces ATP, CO2, and ethanol
Lactate fermentation: pathway that produces ATP and lactate

17. Chapter 8 Photosynthesis

19. 8.1 Overview

20. Most autotrophs use light
Photosynthesis converts light energy into the energy of chemical bonds
Bond energy can then power the reactions of life.

22. In eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts
Light-dependent reactions on thylakoid membrane
Converts light energy to ATP and NADPH
Light-independent reactions in the stroma
ATP and NADPH drive synthesis of sugars from water and CO2

24. 8.2 Light Dependent

25. Light
Light is organized in packets of energy called photons which move in waves
Visible light: Small range of the light spectrum
Photosynthesis use pigments to capture light of specific wavelengths
Chlorophyll α: most common photosynthetic pigment

27. Light Dependent Reaction
Thylakoid membranes contain millions of photosystems
Photosystem contain hundreds of chlorophylls and other molecules
Water is the electron donor; electrons are energized by light absorbed by chlorophyll
Light energy energizes electrons in photosystem II
E.T.C. creates ion gradient, ATP is formed in the stroma
Light energy energizes electrons in photosystem I transferred to NADPH

28. 8.3 Light-Independent

29. The Calvin–Benson cycle:
Build sugars in the stroma of chloroplasts
Driving force is ATP and NADPH that formed in the light-dependent reactions
Uses carbon atoms from CO2 to make sugars (Carbon fixation)