1. Chapter 10 Section 1
Notes

2. EARTHQUAKES –vibrations in the ground that result from movement along breaks in the Earth’s lithosphere

3. Forces that move TECTONIC PLATES also push and pull rocks along breaks in the lithosphere

4. Most earthquakes occur along active PLATE BOUNDARIES
These are generally in the middle of oceans or along the edges of CONTINENTS

5. Deep earthquakes occur along CONVERGENT plate boundaries , where denser oceanic plates subduct.

6. Shallow earthquakes are common along DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES, where plates separate

7. Earthquakes of varying depths occur where continents COLLIDE

8. Pressure applies to rock can change the shape in a process called DEFORMATION. This can eventually BREAK the rock

9. A FAULT is a break in the Earth’s lithosphere where one block of rock moves toward, away from, or past another block

10. The 3 types of faults are strike-slip, REVERSE, and normal

11. When rocks move in any direction along a fault, they release energy in Earth’s crust in SEISMIC WAVES

12. Seismic waves originate along the FAULT where rocks first begin to move.

13. The location inside the Earth is called the FOCUS of the earthquake

14. The EPICENTER of an earthquake is the location on Earth’s surface directly above the focus.

15. The energy released during an earthquake is strongest near the EPICENTER

16. An earthquake’s energy travels in 3 kinds of SEISMIC WAVES

17. PRIMARY WAVES cause particles in the ground to move in a push-pull motion similar to a coiled spring

18. SECONDARY WAVES move rock particles side to side and up and down at right angles

19. SURFACE WAVES move the ground up and down and side to side, like an ocean wave

21. Scientists who study earthquakes are called SEISMOLOGISTS

22. Seismic waves travel at different SPEEDS and in different DIRECTIONS depending on the materials they travel through.

23. S waves cannot travel through liquids, including Earth’s OUTER CORE

24. Seismic waves SLOW DOWN as they travel through hot material
Seismic waves SLOW DOWN as they travel through hot material. This helps support convection currents in the Earths MANTLE

25. A SEISMOMETER measures and records how much the ground moves and can be used to dermine the distance seismic waves travel.

26. A SEISMOGRAM is a graphical illustration of seismic waves

27. RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE
Uses the amount of motion ata a given distance from an earthquake to determine the magnitude of the earthquake …
The 1811 earthquake in this area was thought to be about an 8.0 …

28. MOMENT MAGNITUDE SCALE
Measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake

29. MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE
Measures earthquake intensity based on the descriptions of the earthquakes effects on people and structures.

30. CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
In the US most earthquakes occur near transform faults and….

31. EARTHQUAKE RISK
Is based on past earthquake activity, the geology around a fault, population density, and building design.