1. The Phoenicians
-2, B.C.
-some of the first known explorers to leave their local communities bordering the Mediterranean Sea
-sailed along shore and open ocean
-used their knowledge of tides, currents, and seasonal changes
-learned to follow the North Star at night
-marine science knowledge they gained was lost until after the dark ages.

2. The Polynesians
A.D.
used natural phenomena to migrate around the South Pacific in boats much like the reconstructed one pictured above
Earliest known regular, long distance open ocean seafaring journey beyond the sight of land

3. Greeks
Used the sun, constellations, North star, and sea conditions for navigation
Used mathematical principles
Noticed tide patterns based upon moon phases

4. Famous Greeks
Eratosthenes- Earth‘s cicumference; developed a system of latitude and longitude
Pytheas- researched the Atlantic from Italy to Norway; determination of latitude
Aristotle- thought oceans occupied deepest part of earth's surface; began to catalog marine organisms
Ptolemy- map that showed Earth as a sphere on a flat map

5. Early Europeans Negative contributions Suppressed advancements
Poor communication between nations
Myths replaced knowledge
Little ocean exploration

6. Vikings -Reached Iceland, Germany, and North America
-Explored the North Atlantic from their Scandinavian homeland using fast and stable ships (warships)
-Reached Iceland, Germany, and North America
-They had to develop detailed knowledge of currents, winds, tides and ocean phenomena
-Lief Erikson- 1st to come to North America

7. Chinese Invented the magnetic compass Extensive trade routes
Used large treasure ships with multiple masts
2 key ship innovations:
Central rudders
Watertight compartments

8. Contributions of Europeans
Renaissance period
Rediscovery of science by Greeks/Romans
Motives: economics, politics, religion
Vasco de Gama, Columbus, Dias, Prince Henry, Magellan, and Francis Drake

9. Captain James Cook
British captain that made 3 voyages to map the Pacific between
Charted coasts of New Zealand and Australia - discovered Hawaiian Islands in 1778
Sampling of marine life
Recorded data of ocean floor
Attention to scientific method
His voyages were the first to include a full-time naturalist.

10. John Harrison Invented the chronometer
Captain James Cook used during his research
Permitted accurate knowledge of longitude

11. Ben Franklin American contribution
Mapped the Gulf Stream Current (1769)
US Congress formed Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1807

12. Charles Darwin
One of the early professional naturalists that made significant contributions to marine biology
most famous for his later works on theories of evolution, was commissioned early in life as a naturalist on the H.M.S. Beagle expeditions ( ).
Darwin collected and studied numerous marine organisms during this famous voyage, which eventually lead to his famous subsidence theory of coral reef formation (for atolls), and a classification of barnacles that is still useful today.

13. Challenger Expedition
The first expedition that was purely for marine science.
Mostly funded by the British, it took 3.5 years ( ) to investigate deep-sea regions of all the major ocean basins.
The ship itself was converted for this scientific purpose from a wartime ship with sails and a steam winch.
It was the first government funded, non-military ocean expedition.
Results from this expedition included:
715 new genera
4,717 new species
the deepest depth of the oceans found to be in the Mariana Trench (still the deepest)
50 volumes of information published in the British Museum and the word 'oceanography' used for the first time.

14. 20th Century Expeditions
Scientists reached both the north and south poles
Atlantis- research vessel that confirmed the presence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Germany’s ship- Meteor which used optical and electronic equipment for investigation
Glomar Challenger
Trieste
Alvin

15. The Glomar Challenger Expedition
In 1968, proved the theory of plate tectonics by developing the technology for deep-sea drilling.
The samples from this United States expedition focused on the ocean bottom and provided specimens and data to substantiate the theory of plate tectonics and continental drift.
The Glomar Challenger ship was built specifically for this purpose with a specialized drilling rig in the middle (with 10,000 meters of pipe), engines to position the ship sideways and rotate it, and new satellite navigation equipment and computers.

16. Submersibles were built like small submarines to take marine scientists to even deeper depths and keep the divers at one atmosphere pressure to avoid the physiological complications associated with scuba, helmets and bells.
The first models could hold several people (usually a submersible pilot and one or two passengers), had small ports allowed limited visibility but allowed marine scientists to actually see and photograph the deeper portions of the ocean.
Submersibles like the Alvin, run by WHOI still operate for deep-sea exploration today.

17. Trieste
The deepest point of water is the Challenger Deep located in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean.
In 1960, sponsored by the US Navy,  Jacques Piccard and Lieutenant Don Walsh manned Bathyscaphe Trieste and descended to the bottom.
The world's longest dive took almost 6 hours and reached a measured depth of  10,916 meters or 35,813 feet.

18. Dr. Ballard & Alvin
14,764 feet
Made over 150 dives
Titanic

19. Johnson Sealink 2 submersibles 3,000 feet Panoramic views
Manipulator arms
Suction devices
Plankton samplers
Video camera

21. Today’s Technology
Technology has changed marine science over the years.
Sonar (Sound Navigation Ranging) originally for military use.
This allowed humans to 'see' the bottom and other solid objects underwater as sound was transmitted from a vessel with its reflection received and translated into a profile of the ocean bottom (or midwater object).
used by marine scientists to profile the bottom of the ocean (as a fathometer) and outline organisms in the water column.

22. ROV’s
ROV's (remotely operated vehicles) are now used with and without submersibles to view deep areas of the ocean without the dangers of sending humans down to these depths.

23. -The ROVs carry all types of cameras and sampling equipment
-The ROVs carry all types of cameras and sampling equipment. These have become the latest technology for viewing the ocean. The images from the ROV cameras are transmitted to the vessel overhead and the ROV operator (on the vessel) can maneuver the sampling equipment and cameras to the best positions.
-Dr. Ballard used ROVs to explore the inside of the Titanic.

24. Remote sensing using transmitters and satellites now allows information to be gathered from almost any place.
Transmitters placed on seals, sea lions, and whales send information when the organism surfaces as to the depths of their dives, the temperature of the water, and other things.
This information is bounced from the satellite and picked up almost instantaneously so that the location of the organism and its information is known.
The same thing occurs from buoys placed in the ocean where periodic measurements of temperature, wind, currents and such is transmitted.
Satellites can also be programmed to send almost instant monitoring of the oceanographic conditions all over the world including sea level and color.

25. LORAN C Long Range Navigation Radio signal transmitters
Improved accuracy
24 hour navigation
Made shipping safer
Only work with transmitters

26. GPS Global Positioning System US military 1990s
Signals from satellites
Works and land and sea
More accurate

27. Scuba Diving Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Jacques Cousteau introduced first practical scuba in 1943
Advantages to scuba (p.2-41)