1. Effect of Surgical Reconstruction on Flow Profiles in the Aorta Using Magnetic Resonance Blood Tagging 
Mark A. Fogel, MD, Paul M. Weinberg, MD, Alison K. Hoydu, PhD, Anne M. Hubbard, MD, Jack Rychik, MD, Marshall L. Jacobs, MD, Kenneth E. Fellows, MD, John Haselgrove, PhD 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 63, Issue 6, Pages (June 1997)
DOI: /S (97)

2. Fig. 1
Magnetic resonance imaging protocol for bolus tag imaging and analysis. (A) Spin-echo images were obtained parallel to flow of blood in ascending aorta (AAo) and descending aorta (DAo) (upper and lower left). A tag was placed halfway between aortic valve and apex of aortic arch in AAo (lower middle and right) and halfway between apex of aortic arch and diaphragm in DAo (not shown) (see Fig. 3A). Arrowheads indicate tag placement and movement in blood vessel and arrows, initial site of tagging. (B) Nine images of bolus tagging in AAo of reconstructed aorta (Ao) obtained 50 ms apart (left). Blood flow displaces saturation band (arrowheads), whereas stationary structures maintain original site of tagging (arrows). Image analysis (right) shows only three positions across Ao for simplicity. (AW = anterior wall; LV = left ventricle; P = posterior; PW = posterior wall; RV = right ventricle; S = superior; Vent = ventricle.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )

3. Fig. 2
Bolus tagging in ascending aorta (AAo). (A) Velocity profile (arrowheads) in reconstructed aorta (Ao) (anterior skew) and Ao without reconstruction (flat profile). Representative velocity profiles extracted from images of (B) reconstructed Ao and (C) nonreconstructed Ao. These graphs of velocity versus position across AAo (1 = most posterior and 12 = most anterior) display the family of curves representing phases of systole and some in diastole (each curve represents a different phase with 1 at R wave). Representative velocity maps from images of (D) reconstructed Ao and (E) nonreconstructed Ao. These graphs of velocity versus phase (1 at R wave) display the family of curves representing the 12 positions across AAo diameter with 1 as most posterior and 12, most anterior. The thickness of the family of curves at each phase is a measure of how “pluglike” the flow is. Note how thick the family of curves is in reconstructed Ao, and they peak later in systole than in nonreconstructed Ao.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )

4. Fig. 3
Bolus tagging in descending aorta (DAo). (A) Nine images of bolus tagging in DAo obtained 50 ms apart (left) and enlargement demonstrating posterior skew found in both reconstructed and nonreconstructed aortas (right). Arrowheads indicate tag in DAo and arrows, initial site of tagging. Representative velocity profiles extracted from images of (B) reconstructed aorta and (C) nonreconstructed aorta. These graphs of velocity versus position across DAo (1 = most posterior and 12 = most anterior) display the family of curves representing phases of systole and some in diastole (each curve represents a different phase with 1 at R wave). Note the posterior skew of both. Representative velocity maps from images of (D) reconstructed aorta and (E) nonreconstructed aorta. These graphs of velocity versus phase (1 at R wave) display the family of curves representing the 12 positions across DAo diameter with 1 as most posterior and 12, most anterior. Note how solid black lines (the more posterior positions) dominate the area with high velocities. (AAo = ascending aorta.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )