1. Sperm Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fragmentation is Increased in Poor-Quality Semen Samples and Correlates with Failed Fertilization in Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection 1 
Stephanie Lopes, Jian-Guo Sun, Andrea Jurisicova, Jim Meriano, Robert F Casper 
Fertility and Sterility 
Volume 69, Issue 3, Pages (March 1998)
DOI: /S (97)

2. Fig. 1
Human spermatozoa from a patient undergoing ICSI; the spermatozoa were collected after swim-up, fixed on a slide, and analyzed by 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole or terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin end labeling for fragmented DNA. (A), Sperm stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole to label all chromatin, allowing a count of the total number of sperm. (B), The same field after terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin end labeling using biotinylated nucleotides and Streptavidin Texas red conjugate. Approximately 75% of sperm were labeled (indicating the presence of DNA fragmentation) in this sample. The arrow points to the location of sperm head with intact DNA which is visualized in the 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-stained field (A) but does not label and, therefore, is not seen with terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin end labeling (B).
Fertility and Sterility  , DOI: ( /S (97) )

3. Fig. 2
The percentage of sperm with DNA fragmentation observed in 131 ICSI sperm samples grouped according to the ICSI fertilization rate in the same samples. The heavy horizontal bar indicates the median of DNA fragmentation in each group, and the rectangle around the bar indicates the 95% limits about the median. The error bars indicate the range of DNA fragmentation values in each group. A significant negative correlation between the percentage of sperm with DNA fragmentation and the ICSI fertilization rate was detected using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (r = −0.23; P = ).
Fertility and Sterility  , DOI: ( /S (97) )