1. C = 2 Gibbs phase rule F = C – P + 2 Pressure Temp. Comp. xA F = 3

2. Partial molar quantities

3. Thermodynamics of ideal mixing gases/liquids

4. Thermodynamics of mixing liquids
Ideal mixing (Raoult)

5. Thermodynamics of mixing liquids
Non-ideal mixing

7. Vapour liquid diagrams
Ideal solution
(Raoult)

8. Vapour liquid diagrams
Ideal solution
(Raoult)

9. Vapour pressure diagrams
C = 2
Vapour pressure diagrams
Ideal solution

10. Vapour pressure diagrams
C = 2
Vapour pressure diagrams
Ideal solution

11. Vapour pressure diagrams
C = 2
Vapour pressure diagrams
Ideal solution

12. Vapour pressure diagrams
C = 2
Vapour pressure diagrams
Ideal solution

13. Vapour pressure diagrams
C = 2
Vapour pressure diagrams
Fixed T
P = 1
P = 2
F’ = C – P + 1
F = C – P + 2
P = 1
Ideal solution

14. { C = 2 Lever rule Isopleth Tie line P = 1 P = 2 Lever rule P = 1
Phase α
Type equation here.
P = 1
P = 2
𝑙 β
𝑙 α
𝑛 α 𝑙 α = 𝑛 β 𝑙 β
Phase β
Lever rule
P = 1

16. Pressure-composition diagrams
F = 3
F = 0
F = 1
Temp.
F = 2
Comp. xA
Temperature-composition diagrams

17. Pressure-composition diagrams
Fixed T
Pressure
F = 3
F = 0
F = 1
Temp.
F = 2
Comp. xA

18. Temperature-composition diagrams
Pressure
F = 3
F = 0
F = 1
Temp.
Fixed P
F = 2
Comp. xA
Temperature-composition diagrams

19. Pressure-composition diagrams
Ideal solution
Fixed T

20. Temperature-composition diagrams
Ideal solution
P = 1
P = 2
(Clapeyron)
P = 1
F = C – P + 2
Fixed P
F’ = C – P + 1

21. Temperature-composition diagrams
vapour
GE = 0
liquid
GE < 0

22. Temperature-composition diagrams
GE >> 0
vapour
GE = 0
liquid
Non-ideal solutions
GE < 0
GE << 0

23. Temperature-composition diagrams
GE >> 0
Non-ideal solutions
vapour
GE = 0
liquid
GE < 0
GE << 0

24. Temperature-composition diagrams
vapour
P = 1
P = 2
P = 1
vapour
liquid
P = 2
liquid
P = 2
P = 1
Low boiling azeotrope
High boiling azeotrope
H2O/Eth: 4 78°C
H2O/HCl: °C

25. Impossible azeotropes
C = 2
Impossible azeotropes
would lead to g-g separation

27. Cl4ethene/cyclopentene{
Non-ideal mixing
(Excess functions)
Benzene/cyclohexane
Ideal
Regular
Quasi
regular SE =0 ≠0 HE
Cl4ethene/cyclopentene

28. Regular solution -T = (Regular solution: HE ≠ 0)
(Regular solution: SE = 0)

29. Regular solution -T =
(Regular solution: HE ≠ 0)

30. Regular solution -T = (Regular solution: HE ≠ 0)
(Regular solution: SE = 0)

31. Regular solution -T = (Regular solution: HE ≠ 0)
(Regular solution: SE = 0)

32. Liquid-liquid separation for Regular solution