1. Organic Chemistry
Macromolecules

2. Compounds that are derived from living things are called __________ compounds. All organic compounds contain the element ___________. Compounds that are not derived from living things are called _____________ compounds.
organic
carbon
inorganic

3. Carbon is important in living organisms because it can form ______ different bonds on each atom. It can form _________________________ bonds and these bonds can create long __________________.
four
single, double, and triple
chains and rings

4. A macromolecule is a large molecule and is also called a __________
A macromolecule is a large molecule and is also called a __________. A polymer is made formed when many smaller molecules or ___________ bond together.
polymer
monomers

5. The process that forms polymers is called ________________ and happens when a water molecule is removed from two monomers.
polymerization

6. Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”.HO H
H2O HO H

7. The process that breaks down polymers into monomers is called ___________ and happens when a water molecule is added back to the polymer.
hydrolysis

8. Separates monomers by “adding water”HO H
H2O HO H

9. The four macromolecules found in organisms are:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

10. Carbohydrates
_______________ are the main energy source for our bodies. They are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The ratio of C-H-O in a carbohydrate is 1:2:1. Ex-C6H12O6 The monomers of carbohydrates are called ___________________ or _______________.
monosaccharides
simple sugars

11. There are three main types of carbohydrates.
_________________ are single sugars or simple sugars. Ex- glucose, galactose, fructose
______________ are double sugars or a combination of two monosaccharides. Ex-________(table sugar) is glucose + fructose ________(milk sugar) is glucose + galactose
monosaccharides
disaccharides
sucrose
lactose

12. Polysaccharides are 3 or more sugars combined together
Polysaccharides are 3 or more sugars combined together. Ex- _________ in plants and _________ in animals.
cellulose
glycogen

13. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples: glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
glucose

14. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose

15. Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
cellulose

16. Lipids
______ are macromolecules that also contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are commonly called ____________________. Lipids are used for long term energy storage in living things as well as insulation, shock absorbers and protective coatings. The monomers of lipids are ________________________________________
fats, oils and waxes
three fatty acid chains and one glycerol

17. Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. = =H
H-C----O
glycerol O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
fatty acids O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =

18. There are two types of fatty acids that are found in lipids
There are two types of fatty acids that are found in lipids. _________ fatty acids are derived from animals and are solid at room temperature. They form more ______ bonds in their chains. ___________ _fatty acids are derived from plants and are liquid at room temperature. They form more _______ bonds in their chains.
Saturated
single
Unsaturated
double

19. Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
saturated O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
unsaturated

21. Proteins are macromolecules that are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. They form __________________________________ _________________________. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. The bonds in between amino acids that hold them together are called ________ bonds.
tissues, organs, hair, skin, scales, hooves and fingernails
peptide

22. Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)

23. Enzymes
_________ are special proteins that speed up chemical reactions in your body. They are _________.
catalysts

24. 13. The molecule that the enzymes is called the _________
13. The molecule that the enzymes is called the _________. The enzyme will change shape so that the substrate can be broken down into its component parts more easily. The enzyme is not affected and can be used again on the same type of substrate. Each enzyme fits specifically to one type of substrate.
substrate

26. Enzymes and the molecules that they act upon fit together like a “_____________”. The _________ is the lock and the __________ is the key.
lock and key
enzyme
substrate

27. Nucleic acids
______________ are polymers that have nucleotides as their monomers. Ex-DNA and RNA
Nucleotides are composed of a ________________________________________________.
5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base

28. Nucleotide O O=P-O N CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5
Sugar
(deoxyribose)

29. DNA - double helix P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A

30. DNA and RNA control the production of ________ in your body
DNA and RNA control the production of ________ in your body. They hold all the information to pass traits from one ___________ to the next.
proteins
generation