1. Political Machines

2. Structure

3. Benefits For the immigrant helps transition to life in America jobs
place to live
protection
citizenship
For the bosses
votes/political control
access to city budget
power
control over city government and businesses

4. Problems Graft – illegal use of political influence for personal gain.
Election fraud
Oppression of the lower class/immigrants.
Embezzlement of public $$$
Nearly impossible to break up.

5. Solutions???
Pendleton Civil Service Act – required government employees to pass a test in order to qualify for a job. Tried to prevent patronage. (federal jobs only)