1. Disaster management
in Japan, turkey and Indonesia

2. Disaster management
The United Nations defines a disaster as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society. Disasters involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
The Red Cross and Red Crescent societies define disaster management as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.

4. Types of Disasters
Natural
Man-Made
Complex
Pandemic emergencies

5. Types of disaster
Natural disasters: including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have immediate impacts on human health and secondary impacts causing further death and suffering from (for example) floods, landslides, fires, tsunamis.
Environmental emergencies: including technological or industrial accidents, usually involving the production, use or transportation of hazardous material, and occur where these materials are produced, used or transported, and forest fires caused by humans.
Complex emergencies: involving a break-down of authority, looting and attacks on strategic installations, including conflict situations and war.
Pandemic emergencies: involving a sudden onset of contagious disease that affects health, disrupts services and businesses, brings economic and social costs.

7. JAPAN

8. Tsunami Disaster Mitigation System in Japan
Bitter Tsunami Experienced
Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System
Outline of Disaster Management System
New Challenges against Tsunamis
TYPES OF DISATERS IN JAPAN
earthquake
tsunami
Volcanic
eruption
Today I would like to speak about a brief outline of Japan’s Disaster Management System as a whole in order to help you understand the following presentations on the detailed tsunami disaster reduction activities in Japan. 1

9. Historical Damaging Tsunamis along Japanese Coast (in last 150 years)
Name (Magnitude)
Year
Dead or Missing
Meiji-Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami (M8.5)
1896
22,000
Showa-Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami (M8.1)
1933
3,064
Tonankai Earthquake (M7.9)
1944
1,251 1)
Nankai Earthquake (M8.0)
1946
1,443 1)
Chile Earthquake (Mw9.5) 2)
1960
142
Tokachi-Oki Earthquake (M7.9)
1968
52 1)
Nihonkai-Cyubu Earthquake (M7.7)
1983
104 1)
Hokkaido-Nansei-oki Earthquake (M7.8)
1993
230 1) 8

10. Tsunami Warning System Elements
Communication & Transmission of Tsunami Warning
to Localities & Civil Defense Authorities
Signboard
Tsunami
TSUNAMI
ＷＡＲＮＩＮＧ
Local government
Central Government
TSUNAMI
ＷＡＲＮＩＮＧ
Radio
TSUNAMI
ＷＡＲＮＩＮＧ
ＴＶ/Radio Station
TV（Telops, Warning maps） 13

11. Pictogram on Tsunami Safe place/hill for evacuation
Tsunami Hazard Area
Tsunami Evacuation Area
Tsunami Evacuation Building
Safe place/hill for evacuation
against Tsunami.
Building for evacuation
against Tsunami.
There is a high possibility to
be flooded in this area
when earthquake occurs. 21

12. Tsunami counter measures taken by local municipalities and communities
Group session on evacuation plan
(Urado-District, Kochi Pref.)
Evacuation drill on Tsunami
(Taro Town, Iwate Pref.)
Training for supplying food
(Yawatahama-city, Ehime Pref.) 25

13. Tsunami Hazard Maps Purpose Identifying and showing vulnerable areas
- Enhancing people’s awareness
・Showing information on disaster risks and evacuation routes, etc.
・Letting residents in coastal areas and visitors know the hazard map through various opportunities
・Tsunami drills
This is an example of tsunami hazard map and such issue will be explained later by our colleagues.
So I would like to stop here. Thank you for your attention.
Tsunami Hazard Map（Susaki City）
National Government prepared a guideline for help local authorities to make and use hazard maps. 28

14. TURKEY
I would like to thank EFDRR and Macedonia for their excellent organisation and inviting us here. I believe that this meeting and following studies will be usefull for the region. By taking this opportunity I would like to welcome all participants on behalf of my country and my self as well.
Today I will try to give general information about the elder and the new disaster and emergency management systems of Turkey.

15. Turkey is prone to mainly three types of natural disasters
Earthquakes;
70% of the population living in seismically active areas
66% of the country is located on active fault zones
75% of damaged buildings and 64% of the total disaster losses in the last century are due to earthquakes
Floods;
Mostly in coastal plains and exacerbated by deforestation, erosion and ignorant development
15% of total losses are due to floods
Landslides;
25% of country is exposed to landslide hazard
11% of total population is located in landslide areas
16% of total disaster losses are due to landslides.
TURKEY SUFFERS FROM DIFFERENT KINDS OF DISASTER EVENTS AND THEY POSE THREAT TO BOTH RESIDENTIAL AREAS AND LIFELINES.

16. Organizational Changes
General Directorate of Emergency Management attached to the Prime Ministry was established
Ministry of the Interior has set up regional centers for relief and emergency operations.
Independent National Earthquake Council was set-up
Local authorities’ responsibilities for disaster mitigation were extended

17. SYSTEM RE - ORGANISED DIRECTORATE-GENERAL of CIVIL DEFENCE
DISASTER AFFAIRS
DIRECTORATE-GENERAL of
TURKEY EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
BY 17 DEC. 2009
PRIME MINISTRY
DISASTER AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PRESIDENCY

18. PROVINCIAL LEVEL By the new Act;
Disaster and Emergency Management Directorates are established in 81 provinces
In each province the emergency centers are established affiliated to the Governor, too.
Presidency consists of 6 departments;
Deparment of Planning and Mitigation
Deparment of Response
Deparment of Recovery
Deparment of Civil Defence
Deparment of Earthquake
Deparment of Administrative Affairs
By the new Act;
At provincial level Disaster and Emergency Management Directorates are established in 81 provinces which means Provincial Civil Defence Directorates are closed. In each province the emergency centers are established attached to the Governor, too.
Response to a disaster is under the responsibility of Governor at the Provincial level.
The municipalities are responsible for disaster preparedness activities. The fire departments who take major role in disaster response work under the authority of the municipalities.
Civil Defence Battalions in 11 Provinces

19. Planning and Mitigation Department
Duties of Department;
To prepare disaster and emergency response, risk management and hazard reduction plans which will be applied nation wide,
To determine possible disaster and emergency areas and to pronounce preventive measures,
To determine reconstruction, plan and project rudiments of disaster prone areas,
To determine cash,goods and humanitarian aid rules,

20. Planning and Mitigation Department
Related to Disaster and Emergencies;
To determine administrative strategies,
To establish and operate all kinds of communication, early warning, data and prediction centers,
To suggest to related agencies about public investments and personnel requirements, To do or get trainings and exercises,
To ensure improvements and generalize insurance services,
To determine and supervise service and acreditation standards,
To do the other related works given by the Head of Agency.

21. Functions and Duties
Contribute to the needs assessment studies for disaster risk reduction activities, policies, make proposals for national action plans on DRR,
Contribute to the programming, monitoring and evaluation of DRR studies at national level,
Ensure more effective and multi stakeholder studies and activities among the various partner organizations working in the field of DRR and make available more effective and rationalist use of sources,
To direct the in line organizations on the following topics;
Integration of development plans and policies into DRR targets, Identification, implementation, monitoring and definition of priorities of hazard and risk studies by supplying consultancy.
Maintain the implementation and monitoring of Hyogo Framework of ActionStrategy Plan in the country, and support the activities in order to increase the awareness of public to disaster risk reduction.

22. An Application of Local Disaster Preparedness - Lessons Learnt From Marmara Earthquake
Istanbul
13-14 million people, almost 20% of Turkey’s population, live in İstanbul. More than 40% of Turkish GNP is generated in the region.
-Probability of a big earthquake
within the next 30 year is over 50%.
- Probability of a big earthquake
within the next 10 year is over 20%.
İstanbul is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan municipality had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population. The city in its administrative limits had 8.8 million residents counted in the latest Turkish census from Istanbul is a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey

23. Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project (ISMEP)
Country / Region : Turkey / Istanbul
Project Duration :
Implementation : Istanbul Special Provincial Administration / Istanbul Project Coordination Unit (IPCU)
Finance : World Bank / European Investment Bank
Loan Amount : (Joint WB-EIB) Euro 610 Million
To prepare the city of Istanbul against a big earthquake according to sceintific studies and collected datas after 99 Earthquake, a loan agreement was signed by Government of Turkey and WB and EIB. The agreement has been gone into effect in February, 2006.

24. COMPONENT A ENHANCE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
Enhancement of Analog FM Radio Infrastructure (İstanbul Health Directorate SAR – DMC – Police Dep)
Istanbul Disaster Management Center
Mobile Lighting Towers
Disaster Containers
Medical Equipment - National Medical Rescue Teams

25. COMPONENT A ENHANCE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
PUBLIC AWARENESS AND TRAININGS
Individual/Family Disaster Preparedness Training
Disaster Preparedness Training Program for Neighborhood Disaster Volunteers
School and Hospital Disaster Preparedness Training
Business Community Disaster Preparedness Training

26. Survival Under Extraordinary Conditions Training
Psychological First-Aid Program
Structural Awareness Training Program
Non-structural Risk Awareness Training Program
Awareness of Compulsory Earthquake Insurance Program
Urban Planning and Construction for Disaster Mitigation for local decision makers, technical staff and community representatives.
Training Materials, distribution of brochures – information cards, 3000 t-shirts, 3000 caps, magnets, bags
Also, social guidance and awareness for the beneficiaries of retrofitting schools

27. COMPONENT B SEISMIC RISK MITIGATION FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES
Building Type
Feasibility Studies
Completed Retrofitting Works
Ongoing Retrofitting Works
Completed Reconstructing Works
Ongoing Reconstructing Works
HOSPITALS 28 7 1
POLYCLINICS 19 9
-- 
SCHOOLS
794
413 57 64 60
ADMINISTRATIVE 34 16
DORMITORIES / SOCIAL SERVICE 18 14
 -- 2
TOTAL
772
459 59 65 63
Besides these works, some historical and cultural heritage of the city was evaluated in terms of multi-hazard vulnerability. Bridges and viaducts retrofitted by a loan provided by Japanese Cooperation and Development Agency.

28. COMPONENT C BUILDING CODE ENFORCEMENT
Training of approximately 3000 civil engineers –
Protocol signed with Ministry of Public Works and Settlement
-New Turkish Building Code
-Vulnerability assessment
-Damage assessment after disasters

29. INDONESIA

30. Background
Tsunami Aceh 2004 has become a wake up call for Indonesia to establish its National Disaster Management System.
The fact that Indonesia is a large archipelagic country, and yet very prone to various kinds of disasters, developing National System for Disaster Management requires multi-stakeholders and multi-partnerships’ participation

31. Disater Management Law No. 24 / 2007
The role of national and Local Governments
Establishment of BNPB and BPBDs
Roles and Responsibility of Community in DM
Roles of Pprivate sectors and International in DM
DM Implementation: pre-disaster, emergency response, and post-disaster
Funding and Relief Assistance Mmanagement

32. National Disaster Management System
Components:
Legislation
Institutional
Planning
Funding
Capacity Building
Implementation

33. ITALY

34. INTRODUCTION
Italy is divided into 20 regions, 110 provinces and about 8,100 municipalities. Provinces are administrative sub-divisions of regions.
The regions are the first-level administrative divisions of the State. There are twenty regions, of which fifteen with ordinary statute and five with special statute (regions with special statute are marked with an asterisk): Abruzzo, Aosta Valley*, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia*, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardy, Marche, Molise, Piedmont, Sardinia*, Sicily*, Tuscany, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol*, Umbria and Veneto.

36. PREPARDNESS OF DISASTER AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
Relief operations, distribution of goods, material and food as well as bilateral funding
Interventions devoted to building basic infrastructures, in particular in the field of agriculture and health, which are indispensable for guaranteeing fundamental human needs in areas hit by disaster, famine and hunger and characterized by high mortality rates
Local realization of systems for collection, transport and distribution of goods, material and food
Employment of means and personnel necessary to achieve the above-mentioned objectives, based on agreements with the involved ministries, local institutions and public institutions
Direct involvement of NGOs or funding of NGOs programmes in agreement with the General Direction for Development Cooperation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

37. Disaster management
IN INDIA

38. ABOUT DISASTER
A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions.
Developing countries suffer the greatest
costs when a disaster hits – more than 95
percent of all deaths caused by hazards
occur in developing countries, and losses
due to natural hazards are 20 times greater
(as a percentage of GDP) in developing
countries than in industrialized countries.

40. PREPARATION OF DISASTER

44. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
Disaster preparedness is ongoing multi spectral activity.
Integral part of the national system responsible for developing plans & programmes for :
Disaster management
Prevention
Mitigation
Response
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction