1. Partner Discussion & Review
How did the Fiume affair impact fascism?
How did the fear of communism impact fascism?
What were the causes/effects of the March on Rome?
Describe how Mussolini consolidated his power after he was appointed PM.
How was Mussolini’s totalitarian power challenged? How does this make him different than Hitler?

2. Gabriele D'Annunzio & The Fiume Affair
How did this impact fascism?

3. Unrest in Italy = rise of communism How did the fear of communism impact fascism?
“Vote for your country!”

4. By 1922….. Liberal democratic government was vulnerable 
They failed to win the peace settlement
They could not contain growing violence
They could not stabilize the economy
They could not stop the general strike started by communists/nationalists
Fascists believed it was their time to take over! They are the only ones that could restore order!
“We must act fast. If the present regime is going to be superseded, we must be ready to take its place!” (Mussolini)

5. Causes & Effects: March on Rome
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6. Mussolini’s Rise to Power: 1922
October 16: Mussolini meets with fascists and agree it’s time to seize power
October 24: Fascist Congress declares intention to “March on Rome”
October 27: Fascist military attempts to seize government buildings (increased fear)
October 28: Government (PM) resigned; King sides with Mussolini
October 29: King meets with Mussolini and appoints him PM
Describe how Mussolini consolidated his power.

7. Mussolini consolidated his power by…..
Combining nationalist and fascist parties
Laws that increased their representation in Parliament
Intimidation and violence
Political executions
MP’s withdrew in opposition
Control the press
Ban parties and trade unions
Parliament increased executive powers
Replace elected local officials with appointed ones
Secret police increased arrest (permitted trial without jury & expanded death penalty)

9. Fascist Youth Movement

10. Hitler vs. Mussolini How was Mussolini’s power challenged?
How is this different than Hitler?

11. Homework: due Block #1!
“To make Italy great, respected and feared” – Mussolini
Mussolini did not take power with a clear set of foreign policy goals, but after 1925, he developed a plan of action which included nationalism, revision of post-WWI settlement, domination of the Mediterranean and spread fascism.
Vision of Italy as “the heir of Rome!”
To learn about how he attempts to accomplish these goals, read the rest of 2.1 (pgs )

12. BELLWORK: BLOCK 1
What was Mussolini’s “corporate state?” Was it successful?
Describe two lessons learned by Mussolini after his actions in the Balkans ( )
THINKER: Earlier in his rule, Mussolini “negotiated” with European powers, but that all changed in 1930….why? Why was this a turning point for his foreign policy?
When you are finished, copy the mind map template on page 84. We will use this for review!

13. Life of Benito Mussolini: Il Duce
Mother was a Catholic school teacher and father was a socialist & involved in politics.
Mussolini was rebellious and was expelled after a series of behavior- related incidents, including throwing stones at the congregation after Mass, stabbing a fellow student in the hand and throwing an inkpot at a teacher
Heavily influenced by nationalist sentiment of Giuseppe Garibaldi (even made a speech at the anniversary of his death!)

14. Benito Mussolini: Il Duce
In 1902, Mussolini moved to Switzerland to avoid military service.
Here, he became very active in nationalist movements and adopted his personal views (violence as a means of politics; and anti- democracy/capitalism)
He became active in strikes and was even imprisoned for leading a violent strike in 1903
Deported back to Italy in and became a teacher

15. Benito Mussolini: Il Duce
A man of contradictions:
Religion
Military
Politics
Marriage
Became active in the Italian Socialist Party and gained popularity in 1910 by writing his own anti-Italian government newspaper
Began to lead riots & protests against the Italian war in Libya
By 1911, he was the most well- known socialist in Italy and had 100,000 followers
After being expelled from the socialist party, Mussolini founded the Fascist movement.

16. Benito Mussolini: Il Duce
Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy.
Destroyed all political opposition through his secret police (blackshirts)
Within five years he established complete control and transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship
Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943 and died two years later.

17. Review: Factors influencing Mussolini’s Foreign Policy
Divide the class into six groups
Each group needs to review & re-teach how their assigned factor contributed to Mussolini’s foreign policy
As you present, add these notes onto the mind map.
The factors:
Fascist ideology
Nationalist views
Earlier humiliations
International situation
Versailles settlement
Economic resources

18. Are these examples of Mussolini’s “cooperation” or “aggression?” (103)
Locarno, 1925
Corfu, 1923
Fiume, 1924
Aiding revolutionary movements,
Albania, 1926
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928
Crushing of Libyan Revolt,
Treaty of Friendship with Abyssinia, 1928

19. BELLWORK 4/11: Document fun 
Source B (pg. 99)  What negatively impacted Mussolini’s foreign policy?
Source C (pg )  List three reasons why Mussolini’s economic plans were unsuccessful.
“Communication Skills” (pg. 103)  How does this source explain Mussolini’s style and methods?
Source B (pg.104)What did Mussolini do to export fascism?

20. Mussolini: Italy’s Nightmare
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IL DUCE!!!!

21. Introduction to the origins of Nazism
Just like Italy, Germany was angered over the effects of WWI and the humiliating Treaty of Versailles. Both would become key factors in the rise of Nazism and Hitler.
For homework, read about the beginning of Hitler’s Rise: pages !

22. Warm-Up Activity: EA1 practice
As you know, “The Move to Global War” is the focus of EA1.
EA1 tests your content understanding and demonstration of historical skills through document analysis.
To review  What will you be asked to do in this assessment?
To familiarize yourself with this assessment and practice historical skills, you will spend the first portion of today’s class completing an outline for an EA1.
Respond to the questions on the back of your gold worksheet.
After you are finished, read pgs in the book.