1. Motivation and Emotion

2. Warm UP

3. Theories of Motivation
Instinct and Drive-Reduction Theories
• Various biological and social factors motivate us.
• A motive is something that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal.
• Instincts are innate tendencies that influence but don’t explain behavior.
• Drive-reduction theory suggests that behaviors are designed to obtain something that an organism needs.
• Needs can be physiological or psychological.
• The drive-reduction theory accounts for physical but not social motivation.

4. Theories of Motivation
Incentive and Cognitive Theory
• The incentive theory considers the role of the environment in motivation.
• A drive is an outside force or event that causes us to act.
• An incentive is the object we seek or the result we are trying to achieve through our motivated behavior.
• We are energized to move by extrinsic motivation when we reduce our biological needs or gain external rewards.
• We are energized to move by intrinsic motivation when we fulfill our beliefs or social expectations.

5. Biological and Social Motives
Social Motives and the Need for Achievement
• The need for achievement is both social and learned.
• The motive to achieve may be influenced by fear of failure or fear of success.
• The competency theory suggests that we choose moderately difficult tasks in order to learn from them.

6. Biological and Social Motives
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Maslow’s pyramid scheme places fundamental needs—such as food and safety—at the bottom.
• Psychological needs—first belongingness and love, then esteem needs, including achievement—are in the middle of the scheme.
• Self-actualization is at the top of Maslow’s scheme.
• Maslow posits that a person can progress to satisfying higher needs only after fulfilling the lower ones.

7. Emotions Expressing Emotions
• Motivation and emotion are interconnected.
• Emotion involves this sequence: interpretation of a stimulus; subjective feeling; physiological response; observable behavior.
• There are universally recognized facial expressions of emotion.
• Learning plays a role in the expression of emotion.

8. Emotions Physiological Theories
• There are two principle physiological theories of emotion, which emphasize bodily changes.
• The James-Lange theory states that bodily reactions form the basis of labeling and experiencing emotions.
• The Cannon-Bard theory argues that the brain is the seat of emotion; emotion is the burst of activity in the brain.
• Lie detectors, or polygraph machines, measure involuntary physiological responses, on the assumption that people feel nervous when they lie.