1. Research Methodology

2. What is a Research? Research Methodology v/s Research Methods
According to John W. Best (2002), Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events.
Research Methodology v/s Research Methods

3. “Research Onion” (Saunders et al, 2011)
Reference: Google image

4. INGREDIENTS Research Philosophies Research Approaches
Research Strategies
Time Horizons
Data Collection Methods

5. Research Philosophies
Observing and Predicting
Scientific Method
Eg. Scientists, Law
Positivism
Senses are true, influenced by world views and experiences
Realism
More focus on subjective implications rather than generalisation
Eg : research on people, Qualitative Questions
Interpretivism

6. Inductive Deductive Research Approaches
knowledge is build primarily from a learner’s experiences and interactions with phenomena
Bottom UP
Inductive
is highly structured/scientific
Top DOWN
Deductive

7. Inductive v/s Deductive
From specific to general
Out of previous findings
Theory
Tentative Hypothesis
Pattern
Observations
Theory
Hypothesis
Observation
Confirmation

8. Research Choices

9. How it Goes...

10. Strategies
A Research Strategy has..
♦ A goal: something it can be used for ♦ A procedure: steps to follow to achieve results ♦ A set of techniques involved in the procedures

11. Research Strategies Strategy Goal Survey studies find patterns in data
Experiments
test hypotheses
Case studies
study the characteristics of a real-life instance
Action research
iteratively solve a problem with a community of practice
Ethnography
Participant Observation
Grounded Theory
theory about phenomena of interest

12. Nature of Investigation
Time Horizons
Cross-sectional Retrospective Experimental
Longitudinal Prospective Non-Experimental
Before & After
Research Design
No. Of Contacts
Reference Period
Nature of Investigation

13. Data Collection Secondary Data  Existing Records
Primary Data  Majorly collected using Questionnaires, Experiments, Simulation, etc.

14. Types of Questionnaire
Formalized
Non Formalized
Unconcealed
Self-explanatory with most response categories predefined
-- Most research studies use Standardized Questionnaires like these.
The response categories have more flexibility
Concealed
Most response categories are predefined, but latent cause of behavior are derived from indirect questions--Used for assessing psychographic and subjective constructs
Questionnaires using projective techniques or sociometric analysis

15. tTriangulation
"the combination of methodologies in the study of the same phenomenon“ (Denzin, 1978)

16. References
Saunders, M, Lewis, P and Thornhill, A (2012) Research Methods for Business Students, 6th edition, Pearson
Jick, T.D. (1979). Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Triangulation in Action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 602(24).