1. Immunology

2. Immunity
Is the body’s ability to recognize infectious disease causing organisms like bacteria and viruses, and protect the body from these organisms

3. Immunology
Study of the system that fights infectious diseases

4. Smallpox Used to be one of the worldwide scourges
But because of immunization, smallpox no longer exists in the world

5. Before 1979
Smallpox killed 80% of the children who contracted the virus, and about half the adults

6. Smallpox
Since 1900, it is estimated that smallpox was responsible for 500 million deaths
In 1967, the World Health Organization estimated that 15 million people contracted the disease and that two million people died in that year
After successful vaccination campaign,eradication of smallpox was declared in December, 1979.

7. AIDS/HIV The hunt is on for a vaccine for HIV and AIDS
Many millions will die from AIDS before then

8. How do immunizations work?
Lock and key model

9. Antibodies are made by lymphocytes

10. Fab binds to antigen
Fc binds to immune component

11. Antibodies bind to specific antigen
Antigen – it can be any part of something, part of a bacteria, part of a virus that stimulates the immune system

12. Please do not confuse:
Antigen (Ag) – any protein or structure that can stimulate an immune reaction
Antibody (Ab) – Y shaped proteins that bind to antigens to mark them for phagocytosis. B lymphocytes make Antibodies

13. Antibody binds to antigen picture

14. Antibodies can be free in the blood.
Antigen/Antibody complexes can signal digestion by macrophage
Antigen Antibody complex picture

15. Antibodies can be attached to lymphocytes Ag/Ab complexes can signal the lymphocyte to reproduce making more of the same antibody
Antigen Antibody complex picture

16. Immunization
Now the body has a huge increase in the number of “receptors” that can activate the immune system in case of exposure to specific bacteria or viruses
Antibody picture

17. Immunization
So the next time the body is exposed to the specific bacteria or virus…
There are already lots of antibodies to attack it

18. Immunity
Immunity prevents infection by the increased ability for Ab to signal the destruction of the infectious organism

19. Serum
SERUM is the liquid base of Blood
It is mostly salt water

20. SERUM Contains small proteins called ANTIBODIES and COMPLEMENT
Again antibodies are made by lymphocytes
Complements are designed to attach to viruses and bacteria for phagocytosis

21. SERUM
ANTIBODIES and COMPLEMENT attach to foreign substances such as bacteria to help the IMMUNE SYSTEM fight these substances.

22. SERUM
Antibodies (Ab) are made by LYMPHOCYTES, a type of WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC)
Complement are proteins made by the LIVER
Antibodies are very specific for antigens
Complements are not specific for antigens

23. Plasma = Serum + Clotting Factors
Clotting factors are proteins made by the LIVER
Clotting factors make your blood clot
- if you have no clotting factors, you would not stop bleeding from a tiny cut.

24. Blood Cells Red Blood Cells (RBC) - erythrocytes
White Blood Cells (WBC)
- leukocytes
Platelets (Plt)

25. Blood Cells RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets are ALL made by the bone marrow
During fetal development, the LIVER also makes these cells

26. Peripheral Blood Smear picture

29. WBCs – Neutrophils Neutrophils have many names
Poly Morpho Nuclear Leukocytes
Segmented Neutrophils (Segs)
Granulocytes

30. WBCs – Neutrophils
Neutrophils have many names:
Poly Morpho

31. Neutrophils Picture

32. Granulocytes Picture

33. WBCs – Granulocytes
There are other WBC Granulocytes besides Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils

34. Eosinophils and Basophils Picture

35. Granulocytes The granulocytes contain granules
These granules carry various kinds of poisons designed to kill infectious organisms
That’s why people with neutropenia (too few neutrophils) are easily infected
*penia – means too few

36. WBCs Non granulocytes WBCs that are not granulocytes are: Lymphocytes
Monocytes

37. Lymphocyte and Monocyte Picture

38. Blood is made of: Substances that provide: Nutrient supply
Waste removal
Oxygen supply
Carbon dioxide removal
Stop bleeding
IMMUNITY

39. Hematopoiesis
How blood cells are made

40. Bone Marrow
The cells we are about to see are only seen on bone marrow biopsy

41. The Stem Cell gives rise to 2 lines
Myeloid Line
- Erythrocytes (RBC) - Granulocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Platelets

42. Lymphoid Line
- Lymphocytes

43. Differentiation
As the cells differentiate, they become different from the stem cells, and become the final product
The more differentiated the cells are, the more they are like the final product

44. Stem Cell All of the cells of the blood begin as stem cells
The stem cells divide rapidly, making not only more stem cells but cells that differentiate into their final form

45. Stem Cell Myeloid and Lymphoid Progenitor Picture

46. Lymphoid Line Picture

48. Plasma cell is a B lymphocyte that has been activated to make lots of antibodies

49. Myeloid Line picture

50. Granulocyte Stimulating Factor
Filgrastim
- Neupogen
- G – CSF
- this drug stimulates the body to make more granulocytes

51. Do not confuse G – CSF - Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor With:
GM – CSF
- Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor

52. Body’s Defense Mechanism
Everyday the body is exposed to numerous:
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Parasites
Our bodies are constantly fighting these organisms

53. Myeloid Line Neutrophils

54. Elevated White Count and Left Shift
Seeing immature cells in the microscope we call it a left shift because in the old days laboratorians use the left hand to count using a cell counter

59. Reticulocytes – no nucleus
- reticulated means a net-like pattern
- still has parts of a nucleus
Reticulocyte Count – to see if the bone marrow is making a normal amount of reticulocytes

60. Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin is synthesized by the kidneys to stimulate the production of red blood cells

61. Epoetin Epoetin stimulates the production of red blood cells epoetin
- Epogen
- Procrit
- EPO

62. Body’s Defense Mechanism
Our bodies are really good at fighting off organisms which they encounter for the first time

63. Body’s Defense Mechanism
Our bodies remember many of these organisms, so we can fight them even better in subsequent exposure

64. Immunity
Immunity is the body’s ability to remember foreign substances, and attack them even better the next time

65. Immunity
Immunity is NOT the developed tolerance to a drug, or a bacterial resistance to a drug

66. Picture of virus entering a healthy cell

67. Know that viral antigens are expressed on the surface of an infected cell
The virus DNA/RNA go to the cell’s nucleus to replicate

68. Major Histocompatibility Complex
Major – most important
Histo – tissue
Compatibility – how we get along
Complex – not simple
This is how immune cells identify self from foreign tissues

69. What is immunology?
The production of immunoglobulins (antibodies) as a reaction of the human body when infected with an agent.

70. Immunoglobulins
Glycoprotein molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen and which function as antibodies

71. Each immunoglobulin actually binds to a specific antigenic determinant
Antigen binding by antibodies is the primary function of antibodies and can result in protection of the host

74. Different immunoglobulins
IgG is the major Ig in extra vascular spaces
Placental transfer – IgG is the only class of Ig that crosses the placenta
75% of total Ig’s

75. IgM
IgM is the first Ig to be made by the fetus and the first Ig to be made by virgin B cells when stimulated by antigen
Pentameric structure therefore IgM is a good complement fixing antibody
Third most common Ig

77. What do we mean by immunology ?
The production of immunoglobulins (antibodies) as a reaction of the human body when infected with an agent.
Immunoglobulins: glycoprotein molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen and which function as antibodies.
Each immunoglobulin actually binds to a specific antigenic determinant. Antigen binding by antibodies is the primary function of antibodies and can result in protection of the host. 
All lab tests where Ag is used to detect Ab or Ab to capture the Ag, present in human specimen (blood, faeces, urine, CSF, etc. …)
For Internal Use Only

78. What do we mean by immunology ?
The production of immunoglobulins (antibodies) as a reaction of the human body when infected with an agent.
Immunoglobulins: glycoprotein molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen and which function as antibodies.
Each immunoglobulin actually binds to a specific antigenic determinant. Antigen binding by antibodies is the primary function of antibodies and can result in protection of the host. 
All lab tests where Ag is used to detect Ab or Ab to capture the Ag, present in human specimen (blood, faeces, urine, CSF, etc. …)
For Internal Use Only