1. Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems

2. Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems

3. Normalization Flat files are files with no sequence or order to them.Flat files are files with no sequence or order to them. Flat files make it almost impossible to find a particular record easily or use file data productively.Flat files make it almost impossible to find a particular record easily or use file data productively. Normalization is a process of examining and arranging file data in a way that enables designers to avoid problems when these files are used or modified later.Normalization is a process of examining and arranging file data in a way that enables designers to avoid problems when these files are used or modified later. Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems

4. Example: Un-normalized Parking Ticket Data (0 Normal Form) Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems Social Security Number Last Name First Name Phone No. LicenseStateLicenseNumber Ticket No DateCodeFine 123-56-7783CurryDorothy(916)3584448CA123MCD1015110/15/98A$10 1015210/16/98B$20 1012111/12/98B$20 134-56-7783FongMay(916)5637865CA253DAL1023110/23/98C$50 1205112/05/98A$10

5. Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems First Normal Form A database is in first normal form (1NF) if all the records attributes (data fields) are well defined and the information can thus be stored in a flat file.Example: Social Security Number Last Name First Name Phone No. LicenseStateLicenseNumber Ticket No DateCodeFine123-56-7783CurryDorothy(916)358-4448CA123MCD1015110/15/98A$10 123-56-7783CurryDorothy(916)358-4448CA123MCD1015210/16/98B$20 123-56-7783CurryDorothy(916)358-4448CA123MCD1012111/12/98B$20 134-56-7783FongMay(916)563-7865CA253DAL1023110/23/98C$50 134-56-7783FongMay(916)563-7865CA253DAL1205112/05/98A$10

6. Second Normal Form Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems * A database is in second normal form (2NF) if it is in first normal form and all the data items in each record depend on the records primary record key. * This approach results in a more efficient design and eliminates much of the first files data.

7. Example: Second Normal Form Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems Car Registration File Social Security Number Last Name First Name Phone No. License Plate State Number 123-56-7783CurryDorothy(916)358-4448CA123MCD 134-56-7783FongMay(916)563-7865CA253DAL...... Ticket File Ticket No DateCodeFine [License Plate] State Number 1015110/15/98A$10CA123MCD 1015210/16/98B$20CA123MCD 1012111/12/98B$20CA123MCD 1023110/23/98C$50CA253DAL 1205112/05/98A$10CA253DAL

8. Third Normal Form Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems Our goal is to create a database that is minimally in third normal form (3NF). A database is in third normal form if it is in second normal form and contains no transitive dependencies - i.e., no relationships in which data field A determines data field B.

9. Third Normal Form Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems Car Registration File Social Security Number Last Name First Name Phone No. License Plate State Number 123-56-7783CurryDorothy(916)358-4448CA123MCD 134-56-7783FongMay(916)563-7865CA253DAL...... Ticket File Ticket No Date[Code][License Plate] State Number1015110/15/98ACA123MCD 1015210/16/98BCA123MCD 1012111/12/98BCA123MCD 1023110/23/98CCA253DAL 1205112/05/98ACA253DAL Violation Code File CodeFineExplanationA$10 Meter expired B$20 Parking in no- parking zone C$50 No parking sticker

10. Database Management Systems Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems A database management systems (DBMS) is a set of separate computer programs that enable users to create, and modify database information more efficiently. The data definition language (DDL) of a DBMS enables users to define the record structure of any particular database table. Data Sets A,B,C, D,E,F Database Management System (DBMS) Application Program 1 Application Program 3 Application Program 2 Users

11. EMP # DEPT # EMP NAME JOB CODE JOB TITLE LOCATION HOURS WORKED 12001Abriel1Accountant New Orleans 37 12008Abrial1Accountant Los Angeles 12 12101Bayer1Accountant New Orleans 45 12108Bayer1Accountant Los Angeles 21 12112Bayer1Accountant New York 107 27008Boudreaux2Supervisor Los Angeles 10 27012Baudreaux2Supervisor New York 78 27301Wolbrette3Manager New Orleans 22 27412Scanlon2Supervisor New York 41 27901Richards1Accountant New Orleans 27 27908Richards1Accountant Los Angeles 20 27912Richards1Accountant New York 51 30101Daly1Accountant New Orleans 16 Data Normalization for Relational DBMS Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems

12. Database Management Systems Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems

13. Database Management Systems

14. Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems

15. Database Management Systems Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems

16. User Views: Schemas and Subschemas Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems The totality of information in a database and the relationships of its tables (records) is called the databaseschema.The totality of information in a database and the relationships of its tables (records) is called the database schema. The databaseschemais a map or plan of the entire database.The database schema is a map or plan of the entire database. Any particular user or application program will be interested in only a subset of the schema, called thesubschemaAny particular user or application program will be interested in only a subset of the schema, called the subschema. A database must be flexible enough to satisfy the subschema uses required.A database must be flexible enough to satisfy the subschema uses required.

17. Example: Schemas and Subschemas Schema for aCustomer RecordSchema for a Customer Record –ACCOUNT-NUMBER –CUSTOMER-NAME –CUSTOMER ADDRESS –SALES-DIVISION –CREDIT-LIMIT –BALANCE –CREDIT-TERMS –TOT-YEARS-SALE –DATE-RECENT-SALE Subschema for aSales Order Entry ApplicationSubschema for a Sales Order Entry Application –ACCOUNT-NUMBER –CUSTOMER-NAME –CUSTOMER-ADDRESS –CREDIT-LIMIT –BALANCE –CREDIT-TERMS Subschema for aSales Analysis ApplicationSubschema for a Sales Analysis Application –ACCOUNT-NUMBER –CUSTOMER-NAME –CUSTOMER-ADDRESS –SALES-DIVISION –TOT-YEARS-SALES Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems

18. Query Language (DML) Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems The data manipulation language (DML) enables users to perform tasks such as querying, changing records and deleting records. structured query language (SQL).Many relational databases support structured query language (SQL).

19. Query Language (DML) Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems

20. The SELECT Operation Query language commend: SELECT ABBOTT OF EMPLOYEE DISPLAY EMP NAME AND JOB EMP# EMP NAME JOB 11 Smith, A. 4 14 Garcia, B. 2 27 Wong, C. 3 29Riley,D.4 33 OHara, E. 1 36 Weiss, F. 1 41 Abbott, G. 3 45 Powski, H. 4 SELECT Display: EMP NAME JOB Abbott,G. 3 The PROJECT Operation Query language commend: PROJECT EMP NO AND PAY RATE OF PAY-RATEEMP#HIREDATAPAYRATE1119X910.00 1419X810.00 2719X910.00 2919X810.00 3319X920.00 3619X820.00 4119X920.00 4519X820.00 EMP#PAYRATE1110.00 1410.00 2710.00 2910.00 3320.00 3620.00 4120.00 4520.00 Operate Relational Database Using Query Language (DML) PROJECT

21. Operate Relational Database Using Query Language (DML) The JOIN Operation Query language commend: JOIN EMPLOYEE WITH JOB/DEPT DISPLAY DEPT AND NAME EMP# EMP NAME JOB 11Smith, A.4 14Garcia, B.2 27Wong, C.3 29Riley,D.4 33OHara, E.1 36Weiss, F.1 41Abbott, G.3 45Powski, H.4 JOBDEPT11 22 31 42 EMP#EMP NAME JOBDEPT11 Smith, A. 42 14 Garcia, B. 22 27 Wong, C. 31 29Riley,D.42 33 OHara, E. 11 36 Weiss, F. 11 41 Abbott, G. 31 45 Powski, H. 42 JOIN Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems

22. Online Analytical Processing Complex multidimensional data analysis performed on database information is called online analytical processing (OLAP). Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems Object-Oriented and Multimedia Databases The object-oriented database (OODB) The object-oriented database (OODB) is a type of database that contains both the text data of traditional databases, plus Information about the set of actions that can be taken on the data fields.

23. Data Warehouse A data warehouse pools data from separate applications into a large common body of information.A data warehouse pools data from separate applications into a large common body of information. Advantages of data warehouses:Advantages of data warehouses: 1.Data are clean of errors and defined uniformly. 2.Data are stored in several databases, not just one. 3.Data Warehouses span a longer time horizon than the companys transaction systems. 4.The data relations are optimized for answering complex questions 4.The data relations are optimized for answering complex questions. Databases and Data Modeling for Accounting Information Systems

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