1. EARLY RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL FRACTIONS AND SECTS
BY:
Mahdi Alattas & Salman Parisi
Under Supervisor:
Ir. Haidar Bagir, MA
6/7/2019
ICAS, JAKARTA

2. The Factors of Sects & Factions’ Appearance
Political motivation (problem of khilafah after the Prophet died & the fitnah (dissent) at the time of khalifah Uthman
Different way of understanding of the text (literal, interpretation (ta’wil), middle way)
6/7/2019
ICAS, JAKARTA

3. Khawarij
Bedouin, Initially the followers of Imam Ali, literal interpretation
The process of arbitration (tahkîm) as deviation of law of God (hukmullah), based on QS al-Mai’dah:44
Ali, Muawiyah, Abu Musa, Amr bin Al-Ash were apostate (murtad) and should be killed
6/7/2019
ICAS, JAKARTA

4. Khawarij’s Main Thought
Grave sinners identical with non-believer
People who do not agree with their principle is unbeliever and should be killed
Falsehood is worse than sexual act out side of marriage
6/7/2019
ICAS, JAKARTA

5. Murji’ah
Neutral political position toward the confronting companions (Ali & Muawiyah)
The solution for this confrontation is postponed (arja’a) in the yamuil hisâb.
From political controversy to theological discussion about the status of grave sinner
QS at-Taubah:106
6/7/2019
ICAS, JAKARTA

6. Common Principles (Shi’a & Sunni)
Tauhid (Shi’a & Mu’tazilah: negate the attributes/identical with the God’s essence and evil action of God & al-adl; Ash’ari: God possesses attributes, but in the form of bila kayfa & bila tasybîh)
Prophecy
Resurrection (ma’ad)
6/7/2019
ICAS, JAKARTA

7. Ash’arism (Intermediary position)
Fundamental Principles
Conception of God and nature of the nature of His attributes
Kasb
The problem of reason & revelation & the criterion of good and bad
The problem of the eternity of al-Quran
The problem of the eternity of al-Quran
The problem of beatific vision
6/7/2019
ICAS, JAKARTA

8. Exclusive Prinsiples (ushùl al-Madzhab)
Shi’a: Imamate (complete principles are; Tauhid, al-Adl, Nubuwwah, Imamate, Ma’ad)
Mu’tazilah: al-wa’ad wal wâ’id, manzilah baynal manzilatain, amar ma’ruf wa nahyi ‘anil munkar (complete principles are; Tauhid, al-Adl, al-wa’ad wal wâ’id, manzilah baynal manzilatain, amar ma’ruf wa nahyi ‘anil munkar )
6/7/2019
ICAS, JAKARTA

9. The Difference between Mu’tazilah & Sunni
The problem of attributes
The problem of the beatific vision
The problem of promise and threat
The problem of creation of the action of man
The problem of the will of God
6/7/2019
ICAS, JAKARTA