1. Organic Functional Groups

2. What is a functional Group?
Element, Compound, or entire chain that replaces a hydrogen on a hydrocarbon chain
Alter the properties of the original hydrocarbon
Create a new molecule with unique properties
Always have the lowest number assigned to them when placed on a molecule

3. Halides
Formed when at least one halogen (Group 17 element) has been added to a hydrocarbon
Typically are used as pesticides and organic solvents
Follow all normal rules when naming and drawing halides

4. Formation of Halocarbons (Substitution Reactions)
Hydrocarbon + Halogen
Only works with ALKANES!!!
One hydrogen from the alkane is replaced by one group 17 element per reaction cycle
Products are a halocarbon and an acid

5. Alcohols
At least one hydrogen has been replaced by the hydroxyl group (OH)
This hydroxyl group (OH) does NOT IONIZE SO THESE ARE NOT BASES!!!!
Non-Electrolytes
Polar
Soluble in water up to 4 carbons (Butanol)

7. Types of Alcohols
1. Primary Alcohol– The carbon with the OH group is only in direct contact with one other carbon
Typically found on the end of a chain
2. Secondary Alcohol– The carbon with the OH group is in direct contact with 2 carbon atoms
Middle of the chain with no branching
3. Tertiary Alcohol—The carbon with the OH group is in contact with 3 other Carbon atoms
Middle with a branching chain

9. Naming and Drawing Alcohols
Follow all basic rules
Carbon with OH gets lowest number and if multiple OH Groups are attached start at the end that gives all of them the lowest numbers possible
1 OH—ol ending
2 OH groups– diol
3 OH groups– triol

10. 3. Aldehydes

11. Properties
Oxygen is attached by a double bond to a carbon on the end of the chain
End with “al”
Ex: Ethanal
Number the chain starting at the end of the molecule where the functional group is located and follow all basic naming rules

12. 4. Ketones

13. Notes Similar to Aldehydes Ketones are fats or lipid based molecules
Functional group is in the middle of the chain but still has a double bonded oxygen
End with “one”
Ex: Propanone
Number the chain so the group has the lowest number possible
Ketoacidosis is a condition that diabetics get when they use only fats for energy--- can kill them

14. 5. Ethers
Composed of 2 alkyl group chains connected together by an oxygen in the middle
Name in order from left to right
Used as anesthesia and is still a component of most anesthetics

17. 6. Organic Acids Weak Acids that have the carboxyl group (COOH)
Attached typically to the end of a chain but can be moved around
End with “oic acid”
Ex: Methanoic Acid
Weak electrolytes/Do not ionize completely
pH typically greater than 3
Follow typical rules when naming/drawing

19. 7. Esters
Formed when an organic acid is combined with an alcohol during a chemical reaction
Water is one of the products along with the ester
Esters are molecules that produce smells both good and bad and they can add flavor to a food as well
2x bonded oxygen is in the middle and the molecule is held together by an “ester bridge”

22. 8. Amines Any amine is a derivative of ammonia (NH3)
Formed when one, two, or all three of the hydrogen atoms on an ammonia molecule are replaced by an alkyl group
Amino acids contain an amine group combined with a carboxylic acid group.
Named by placing “amine” at the end of the name
Ex: Methyl amine

24. Amines Continued
If an amine has one alkyl group attached to it, it’s a primary amine
Two alkyl groups make it secondary
Three make it tertiary
Number amine molecules just like all others making sure the amine group(s) have the lowest numbers possible

25. 9. Amides Formed from the reaction between two amino acids
One acids hydrogen reacts with another acids OH group
This is a condensation reaction because water is a product along with an amide
Form large molecules held together by peptide bonds
Named by isolating the alkyl group that is left along with the acid that reacts
Ex; Methyl amide