1. Nationalism Around the World
Chapter 29
Nationalism Around the World

2. Lesson 1: Nationalism in the Middle East
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire is weakening, losing territory
Young Turks attempt reform
Overthrew sultan, restored constitution
Ottomans side with Germany during WWI
British want to upset Ottoman rule
Supported nationalists in Arabian Peninsula
1916- Arabia declared independence
Britain seized control of Palestine
Ottomans defeated in WWI, made peace with allies

3. New president of Turkey, known as Ataturk, tries to modernize
Armenian Genocide
Nearly 2 million Armenians were killed
Britain, France, Russia denounced Turkey for the killings
Ottoman Empire officially collapsed in 1923, Republic of Turkey is established
New president of Turkey, known as Ataturk, tries to modernize
Rapid industrialization, modernize farming, make culture less Arab and more European
Wanted to transform Turkey into a secular state and avoid Islamic influence
Women discouraged from wearing veils, women were given more rights
Ataturk was known to suppress critics and harshly enforce policies

4. The Beginnings of Modern Iran
Weakening dynasty relied on Great Britain and Russia to suppress nationalist movements
People did not like increased influence of foreigners
Made worse when oil was discovered
Nationalists succeed in overthrowing dynasty
Iran tried to follow the example of Turkey and modernize
Government, military, and economic reforms
Western-style education system
Women forbidden to wear veil in public
Did NOT try to eliminate Islamic influence

5. Iran wanted to get rid of British and Russian intervention
Got close to Nazi Germany
Allowed German troops into Iran
In response, Britain & Soviet Union sent troops in
Arab Nationalism
Britain had supported Arab nationalism during WWI to upset Ottoman Empire
Hoped Britain would continue to support Arab nationalism
Britain and France created mandates in the Middle East, each controlling a portion
Iraq and Palestine controlled by Britain
Syria and Lebanon controlled by France

6. Britain and France drew borders and divided the people of the Middle East
Paid no attention to the cultures of the people they were lumping together
People had no strong ties with the country they were assigned to
Strong sense of Arab nationalism remained
Saudi Arabia
In 1932 the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is established
Main source of income was from religious pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina until oil was discovered
Saudi Arabia was flooded with western oil companies that brought wealth to the region

7. Palestine and the Balfour Declaration
Palestine was 80% Muslim but since ancient times there had been Jews living there, as well
Many were forced into exile in the 1st century
Zionists (Jewish nationalists) wanted a Jewish state to be established in their cultural homeland
This was the Arab ancestral homeland as well
Due to growing anti-Semitism in Europe, more Jews began to migrate to Palestine

8. Violence began to flare between Arab and Jewish inhabitants
To win Jewish support during WWI Great Britain issued the Balfour Declaration
Supported a national homeland for the Jews in Palestine
More Jews began moving to Palestine, especially after Hitler took control of Germany
Violence began to flare between Arab and Jewish inhabitants
1936- Palestinian Arabs revolted
Demanded independence from Britain
Demanded an end to Jewish immigration
1939- Britain relented, ended Jewish immigration to Palestine
Closed the main escape route for Jews just before the Holocaust began

9. Lesson 2: Nationalism in Africa & Asia
African Independence Movements
Black Africans fought in British and French armies during WWI
Hoped they would be given independence after the war
Europeans did not want to give up their colonies
German colonies in Africa were given to Britain and France
African nationalists began pushing for reform
Introduced to western education & ideas of freedom and democracy
Unfair European policies led to violence
Some reforms were made, but they were too few and too late
Leaders, especially those who studied in the west, began pushing for independence

10. Revolution in Southeast Asia
In the 1920s Lenin spread Marxism worldwide through the Communist International, or Comintern
Agents would train in Moscow and return to their own countries to form Marxist parties
By the end of the 1920s nearly every colonial society in Asia had a communist party
In some countries the communists worked with nationalist parties to overthrow western imperialism
Worked the best in Vietnam and China

11. Indian Independence
Mohandas Gandhi was an active leader in resistance to British oppression
Used civil disobedience to push for independence
Indian independence became divided
One side (led by Gandhi) was religious, anti-western, and traditional
The other was secular, pro-western, and modern
Wanted India to modernize & industrialize
Hostility between Muslims and Hindus
Muslim League began to push for the creation of a separate Muslim state (Pakistan)

12. A Militarist Japan
Meiji era reforms led to increased prosperity and a modern industrial and commercial sector
By 1937 the four largest zaibatsu controlled much of the banking, mining, shipbuilding, paper, and insurance industries
Concentration of wealth = growing economic inequality
Workers were paid and housed poorly
Inflation in food prices + population growth led to food shortages and riots
Many began to call for a return to traditional Japanese values
Objected to growing western influence
Felt Japan should use its strength to dominate Asia

13. Late 1920s- militant groups within Japan began to form
Japanese government was under pressure to find new sources for raw materials
Late 1920s- militant groups within Japan began to form
Felt that the west had corrupted Japan
Did not like Japan’s pacifism and cuts in military spending
Early 1930s- one militant group invaded and conquered Manchuria (China)
Japanese government was NOT ok with this
Group had the support of the Japanese people
Soon took over the government
Began drafting men into military
Began campaign for Japanese expansion abroad
Economy placed under government control
Education & culture were “de-westernized”

14. Lesson 3: Revolutionary Chaos in China
Nationalists and Communists
In 1921 a group of young radicals formed the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
The CCP soon joined Sun Yat-Sen’s Nationalist Party (the Kuomintang or KMT) to drive imperialists out of China
CCP was left-wing
Wanted to redistribute land and give more power to peasants and workers
KMT was right-wing
Wealthy, more educated land-owners who opposed land redistribution
After the death of Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-Shek became leader of KMT
Chiang believed the communists were a bigger threat than the Japanese
1927- Attacked communists in Shanghai, thousands were killed

15. Communists who escaped the 1927 purge set up their own government in SE China
Attacked by KMT in 1934, had to evacuate
Began the Long March to last surviving communist base in northwest China
6,000 miles  took over a year
Crossed mountain ranges, rivers, and deserts while under constant attack from KMT army
Most died along the way (90,000  9,000)
Mao Zedong becomes sole leader of the Chinese Communist Party

16. Chiang’s new government was based in Nanjing
Used dictatorial power to carry out land reform & industrialize
Westernized middle class formed in the cities
Supported Chiang’s government
Wore western clothes
Went to the movies, listened to radio
Had no connection to people living in rural areas
Much of the population lived in the countryside
Drained by warfare and civil strife
Still poor and illiterate

17. Chiang’s government remains unstable
Chiang’s government controlled just a few provinces
Suppressed all opposition and censored free speech
Alienated intellectuals and political moderates
Much of Chiang’s support came from urban middle class and rural landowners
Would not support Chiang if he tried to redistribute land or wealth
Chiang’s reforms made no real improvement in the lives of the poor
Ignored the growing threat to the east
Japan wanted to take over a weakened China
Many in China began to support communism
Believed Chiang was too focused on fighting other Chinese

18. Lesson 4: Nationalism in Latin America
The Latin American Economy
Early 20th century- economies were based on export of food and raw materials
United States was major investor in Latin America
Put money into companies and ran them
Nationalists viewed US as imperialist power
These countries were independent, but their economies were dominated by the US
US used $$$ to keep regimes in power that gave them what they wanted
Many of those governments were led by dictators

19. Impact of the Great Depression
Depression in US meant less demand for Latin American exports
Exports declined
Latin America begins to industrialize
Could no longer buy manufactured goods from abroad
Governments began to produce their own manufactured goods
Only their governments had $$$ to start new industries
Government-run steel and oil industries

20. Mexico was democratic-ish
Authoritarian Rule
Most Latin American countries had “republics”
In reality they were oligarchies
Controlled by church officials, military leaders, and wealthy landowners
Instability caused by the Depression pushed these countries toward authoritarianism
Mexico was democratic-ish
Land redistribution in 1930s
Seized control of foreign-owned oil companies due to low workers’ wages
Eventually paid these companies for their property and set up PEMEX, a national oil company