1. Chapter 18 Key Concepts Improving energy efficiency
Types and uses of solar energy
Types and uses of flowing water
Uses of wind energy
Types and uses of biomass
Use of geothermal energy
Use of hydrogen as a fuel
Decentralized power systems

2. Section 1: The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency
What is energy efficiency? How much energy do we waste?
What is life cycle cost?
What is net energy efficiency?

3. What is energy efficiency?
Energy efficiency is the measure of the useful energy produced compared to the energy converted to low quality--- usually heat.
Using energy to do work, not produce heat.

4. What is energy conservation?
Implementing new technology to do same work using less energy.
Heating homes more efficiently
Driving more efficient cars
Lightning spaces more efficiently
SAVES $$$, produces less pollution, reduces CO2

5. Energy Conservation 43% is wasted unnecessarily
84% of commercial electricity is wasted in U.S.
41% of energy is automatically wasted due to 2nd Law Of Thermodynamics
43% is wasted unnecessarily

6. Advantages of Reducing Energy Waste

7. The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency
Net energy efficiency
Least Efficient
Incandescent lights
Nuclear power plants
Internal combustion engine
Fig p. 381

8. Energy Efficiencies (Fig. 18-5 p. 381)

9. Life Cycle Costs Initial Cost plus the lifetime cost.
Some energy efficient models may cost more up front, but save money in the long run.
Civic Hybrid vs. Conventional Gas

10. Net Energy Efficiency
Measure of how much useful energy we get from energy resource after subtracting the energy wasted.
How much energy you get out given ALL the wasted energy.

11. Comparing Efficiency of 2 Types of Space Heating

14. Section 2: Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency Key Concepts
How can we save energy in industry?
How can we save energy in transportation?
How can we design buildings to save energy?
How can we save energy in existing buildings?
Why are we still wasting so much energy?

15. Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency
Cogeneration
Efficient electric motors
High-efficiency lighting
Increasing fuel economy
Alternative vehicles
Insulation
Plug leaks

16. How can industry save energy?
Cogeneration – combining heat and power systems
Improving electric motor efficiency (consumes 1/4th of energy)
Improving light fixtures

17. How can we save energy in transportation?
CAFÉ Standards need to be increased.
Increase to 40 mpg in 10yrs would cut consumption in half (could eliminate imports from Middle East)

18. Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sold In U.S.

19. Price of Gas in 1993 Dollars

20. Hybrid and Fuel Cell Cars
Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine
Hybrid-electric cars are powered by a battery and a small ICE that recharges the battery.
Fig p. 385

21. Toyota Prius

22. Ford Escape Hybrid

23. Fuel Cell Cars
Fuel cell cars run on hydrogen and produce little pollution.
Combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water vapor.
Ford Focus Fuel Cell Car

25. Fuel Cells

27. GM’s prototype future fuel cell car
GM’s prototype future fuel cell car. No engine noise, no pollution, no greenhouse gasses.

29. How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?
Chicago’s Sears Tower uses more energy in a day than a city of 150,000
Atlanta’s Georgia Power Company uses 60% less energy than other buildings it size.

30. How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?
We can save energy in buildings by
Getting heat from the sun
Insulating well
Using plants for shade and wind blockage

31. How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?
Super insulated house:
Costs 5% more to build
Can use 90% less energy for heating and cooling
Green Roofs:
Plants or gardens on roof help insulate from heat in summer and cold in winter

34. An infrared photo showing heat loss (red, white and orange) around windows, doors, roofs.

35. How can we save energy in existing buildings?
We can save energy in existing buildings by:
insulating them
plugging leaks
using heating, electricity, cooling, appliances and lighting more efficiently

36. Insulate and plug leaks
1/3rd of heated air in U.S. homes is lost through windows, holes and cracks.
Insulating and plugging holes is the easiest and cheapest ways to save energy.

37. Use Efficient Windows
Double pained, insulating windows cost more, but can save money in the long run.

38. Heat House More Efficiently
Using the most efficient heating system available.
Some natural gas furnaces can reach 85-98% efficiency

39. Heat Water More Efficiently
There are several new technologies to heat water more efficiently:
Tankless, instant heaters
Well insulated tank

40. Use Energy Efficient Lighting and Appliances
Microwaves, refrigerators, washers, driers, lights all come with energy star labels
¼ of electricity bill is lighting

41. Cut Off Electrical Devises Not In Use
When not using lights, computers, TV’s and other electrical devises they should be turned off.

43. Review Section 2 How can we save energy in industry?
How can we save energy in transportation?
How can we design buildings to save energy?
How can we save energy in existing buildings?
Why are we still wasting so much energy?

45. Section 3: Producing Energy With Solar Power: Key Ideas
What are the main types of renewable energy?
How can we use direct solar energy to heat and cool homes?
How can we use solar energy to produce electricity?
What are solar cells?
What are advantages and disadvantages of solar cells?

46. What are the main types of renewable energy?
The next several sections we will go through:
Solar Energy
Flowing Water
Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydrogen
Other possible renewable energy sources.

47. What are the main types of renewable energy?
EU by 2020: 22% renewable
CA gets 12% from renewable (20% by 2020)
Union of Concerned Scientists study said 20% by 2020 is possible

48. Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat
Passive solar heating: absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within the structure
Has been used for thousands of years.

50. Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat
Active Solar: absorbs heat energy from sun by pumping heat absorbent fluid through collectors.
Great for hot water heaters in warmer climates

52. Using Solar Energy for Electricity
Solar energy can be converted directly into electricity using
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS (PV) or “Solar Cells”
Sunlight energizes electron to flow in a semi conductor producing an electrical current

53. Using Solar Energy for Electricity
Solar Cells can be incorporated into roofing and windows.
High costs are expected to fall
Currently only supply 0.05% of world electricity

55. Using Solar Energy for Electricity
Great for rural locations
BP in 2004 began to mass produce cells
With increased R&D and government help % by 2040???

56. Using Solar Energy for Electricity
Solar Thermal Systems: large solar arrays in sunny areas can produce high-temperature heat for:
Electricity
Hot water
Heating
Wash Machines

58. Using Solar Energy for Electricity
Solar thermal systems
Photovoltaic (PV) cells

61. Producing Electricity From the Water Cycle: Section 4 Key Concepts
How can we produce electricity from flowing water?
What are advantages and disadvantages of hydropower?
What is tidal and wave power?

62. Producing Electricity from Moving Water
Large-scale hydropower
Small-scale hydropower
Pumped-storage hydropower
Tidal power plant
Wave power plant

63. Renewable Hydropower
Water flowing in rivers and streams can be trapped in reservoirs behind a dam and released to spin turbines to produce electricity.
In 2002, hyrdro accounted for 20% of world electricity (Norway 99%, U.S. 7% -- 50% in west)

64. Renewable Hydropower
According to UN only 13% of potential hydropower has been developed
Large Scale Hydro Power has been curtailed recently by environmental concerns

65. Large-scale Hydroelectric Power: Trade-offs

66. Reviewing the Trade-offs of Hydropower Dams
Fig p. 313

67. Hoover Dam

68. Tidal Power
Using the twice daily natural rise and fall of tidal waters to produce power.
Newer concept
Lot of potential in certain tidal regions.
Problems???

69. Tidal Power

70. Wave Power
Using the constant wave action along shorelines to produce power.
Another form of wind power.
Problems???

72. Producing Electricity from Wind Section 5 Key Concepts

73. Producing Electricity from Wind
Fig p. 396
Fig p. 397

75. Altamont Pass California

77. Atlantic City

78. http://www. eere. energy

79. Producing Energy from Biomass
Biomass and biofuels
Biomass plantations
Crop residues
Animal manure
Biogas
Ethanol
Methanol
Fig p. 398

82. Geothermal Energy Geothermal heat pumps Geothermal exchange
Dry and wet steam
Hot water
Molten rock (magma)
Hot dry-rock zones

84. The Hydrogen Revolution
Environmentally friendly hydrogen
Extracting hydrogen efficiently
Storing hydrogen
Fuel cells

85. The Hydrogen Revolution
Fig p. 403

87. Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower
Decentralized power systems
Micropower systems
Fig p. 405

90. Solutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy
Fig p. 407