1. Do Now
What “theories” are you using to determine the evolution of your fossils?

2. DO NOW

3. How did this happen?
Wolf > Poodle

4. Types of Theories
Wolf > Poodle

5. Evolution
Diversity of Life

6. History of Evolutionary Thought

7. Contributor’s to Darwin’s thinking included:
John Baptiste Lamarck – Inheritance of acquired Characteristics and Law of Use and Disuse
Alfred Russel Wallace – organisms evolved from common ancestors

8. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution (WRONG!)
Idea called Law of Use and Disuse
If a body part were used, it got stronger
If body part NOT used, it disappeared.

9. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Inheritance Of Acquired Traits
Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime Would Be Passed To Offspring
Clipped ears of dogs would be passed to offspring!

11. Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change
Changes in Earth’s crust due to slow continuous processes
Ideas Known as Uniformitism and Gradualism based on fossil record

12. Principles of Geology Provides evidence to support evolution of life
Explained Geological Processes That Shaped The Earth
Helped Darwin Understand Sea Shells In The Andes Mountains At 12,000+ Feet
Expanded Earth’s Age to billions of years

13. Do Now Grab your survivors poster by the window
Explain your results from the survivors lab for the Do Now for today
Get out your planner

14. Charles Darwin the Naturalist

15. Charles Darwin Born Feb. 12, 1809 Joined Crew of HMS Beagle, 1831
Trained in Theology and a Naturalist
5 Year Voyage around world
Avid Collector of Flora & Fauna
Astounded By Variety of Life

16. HMS Beagle’s Voyage

17. Darwin’s Observations
variation of traits among similar species
Species found on one island looked different from those on nearby islands
Island species looked different from those on the mainland
Differences seemed well suited to animals’ environment

18. Galapagos Tortoises

20. Darwin’s Observations
Both Living Organisms & Fossils collected
Fossils included:
Trilobites
Giant Ground Sloth of South America
This species NO longer existed. What had happened to them?

21. Evidence for Evolution – The Fossil Record

22. Types of Evolution

23. Long time scale events that gradually create and destroy species.
Gradualism:
Long time scale events that gradually create and destroy species.
Charles Darwin

24. Punctuated Equilibrium:
Short periods of time with “rapid” leaps in evolution. Usually after a major extinction event.
Steven
Gould

26. Parallel Evolution:
Different Animals On Different Continents But Similar Adaptations To Shared Environments

27. Do Now Get out your fossil lab material
What is the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

28. Convergent Evolution
Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species
resulting from adaptations to similar environmental conditions

29. Divergent Evolution
Evolution of one or more closely related species into different species;
resulting from adaptations to different environmental conditions

31. Changes in Allele Frequency
how traits were inherited (Traits are passed through genes)
Genes Are NOT Changed By Activities In Life
Change Through Mutation Occurs Before An Organism Is Born

32. What Pressures Cause Evolution ?
Evolution Principles
What Pressures Cause Evolution ?

33. Definition
Evolution is change in a population of organisms over time

34. 1. Overproduction: - More offspring produced than can survive
- Only a small fraction of offspring survive and reproduce.

35. - 2. Competition: - food, water, space and mates are limited
- Competition within the species and with other species

36. 3. Variation - There is variation within populations.
Individuals of a population have different genetic traits.
No two individuals are exactly alike.

37. 4. Adaptations
Because of variations some individuals are better adapted to survive in their environment
“Survival of the Fittest”

38. Adaptations
Those that survive and reproduce have the fittest genetic variations.

39. 5. Descent with Modification through Natural Selection
Some genetic traits are selected for by environmental conditions.
Those selected for survival live and pass on their beneficial genes.
Others die and genes are lost. .

40. 6. Extinctions
Some species disappear due to a catastrophic event in nature (humans, asteroid, earthquake…)

41. 6. Extinctions
Some species disappear due to a catastrophic event in nature (humans, asteroid, earthquake…)

42. Descent with Modification
Over time favorable adaptations gradually accumulate in a species and unfavorable ones disappear.
Eventually the accumulated changes result in a new species.

43. Genes create evolution!
The mutation or combination of alleles has to already be there by chance. 
Populations do not decide to adapt or mutate after an environmental change
Only beneficial mutations lead to evolution!

44. What Kinds of Evidence are Used to Study Evolution?

45. Selective Breeding Artificial Selection
Selective Breeding To Enhance Desired Traits Among Stock or Crops
Dogs, horses, fruits, corn etc..

46. 

47. Artificial Selection

48. Wild Mustard was artificially selected to become broccoli!
Yum!

49. Natural Selection Cannot Be Seen Directly
It Can Only Be Observed As Changes In A Population Over Many Successive Generations
Radiation
Fossil Record

51. Fossil Record Earth is Billions of Years Old
Fossils In Different Layers of Rock (sedimentary Rock Strata) Showed Evidence Of Gradual Change Over Time.

52. Evidence for Evolution – The Fossil Record

53. Descent With Modification

54. Similarities in DNA Sequence

55. Evolution of pesticide resistance in response to selection

56. Descent with Modification
Over time, natural selection results in species that are well suited for survival and reproduction in their environment.
Scientists look at organisms characteristics and compare the characteristics to the organism’s environment

57. Homologous Structures
- Features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions.

58. Homologous Body Structures
Structures That Have Different Mature Forms But Develop From The Same Embryonic Tissues
Strong Evidence That All Four-Limbed Animals With Backbones Descended, With Modification, From A Common Ancestor
Help Scientist Group Animals

59. Homologous Body Structures

60. Similarities In Early Development
Embryo – early stages of vertebrate development
Embryonic Structures Of Different Species Show Significant Similarities
What is similar in the next slide?

61. Same stages of embryos
Which one is the Human?

62. Same stages of embryos

63. Human Fetus (5 weeks) with vestigal structures.

64. Chicken
Turtle
Rat

65. Vestigial Structures
- Remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor

66. One more time for Darwin….

67. Darwin's Theory Variation
Individual Organisms In Nature Differ From One Another. Some Of This Variation Is Inherited
Overproduction
Organisms In Nature Produce More Offspring Than Can Survive, And Many Of These Offspring Do Not Reproduce

68. Darwin's Theory Competition
More Organisms Are Produced Than Can Survive, Members Of Each Species Must Compete For Limited Resources
Adaptation
Each Organism Is Unique, Each Has Different Advantages & Disadvantages In The Struggle For Existence

69. Darwin's Theory Natural Selection
Individuals Best Suited To Their Environment Survive & Reproduce Successfully – Passing Their Traits To Their Offspring.
Speciation
Species Change Over Time. Over Long Periods, Natural Selection Causes Changes That May Eventually Lead To New Species

70. Darwin's Theory
Species Alive Today Have Descended With Modifications From Species That Lived In The Past
All Organisms On Earth Are United Into A Single Tree Of Life By Common Descent