1. Figure 1.1 The Study of Anatomy at Different Scales
Relative size m to mm
Relative size mm to m
Relative size m to nm
meters (m)
millimeters (mm)
micrometers (m)
nanometers (nm)
Size
1.7m
120mm
12mm
.5mm
120m
10m
1–12m
2m
10–120nm
11nm
8–10nm
2nm
1nm
.1nm
Approximate Magnification (Reduction) Factor
( .15)
( .12)
( .6)
 20
 83
 103
 103
 103
 105
 106
 106
 106
 107
 108
From actual to artwork on this page
Human Body
Fingertip (width)
Large protozoan
DNA (diameter)
Human heart
Human oocyte
Red blood cell
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
Amino acids
Bacteria
Viruses
Proteins
Atoms
Unaided human eye
Compound light microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope 1

2. TYPES OF ANATOMY 1 Microscopic anatomy
The study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Cytology—study of cells
Histology—study of tissues 2

3. TYPES OF ANATOMY 2 Macroscopic anatomy
The study of structures that can be seen without magnification
Surface anatomy: refers to the superficial anatomical markings
Regional anatomy: refers to all structures in a specific area of the body, whether they are superficial or deep
Systemic anatomy: The study of the organ systems of the body (digestive system, cardiovascular system, etc.) 3

4. Examines structural changes over time Embryology:
TYPES OF ANATOMY 3
Developmental anatomy:
Examines structural changes over time
Embryology:
The study of early developmental stages
Comparative anatomy:
Considers different types of animals
Clinical anatomy:
Focuses on pathological changes during illness 4

5. TYPES OF ANATOMY 4 Surgical anatomy: Radiographic anatomy:
Studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures
Radiographic anatomy:
The study of anatomical structures with the use of x-rays or ultrasound scans on an intact body
Cross-sectional anatomy:
The use of radiographic techniques (CT and MRI scans) to look at cross sections of the body 5

6. Figure 1.2 Comparative Anatomy
Embryo
Adult
TYPES OF ANATOMY
Salmon (bony fish)
Somites segmental blocks forming muscles, vertebrae, etc.
Skull surrounds brain in cranail cavity
Vertebrae surround spinal cord in spinal cavity
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord forming brain and spinal cord
Notochord a stiffened rod below spinal cord, usually replaced by vertebrae
Muscular tail extends beyond exit of digestive tract
Chicken
Digestive tract
Skull
Limb bud
Somites
Vertebrae
Basic Vertebrate Body Plan
Mouth
Heart
Anus
Human
Skull
Somites
Braincase of cartilage or bone surrounds the brain
Pharyngeal (gill) arches may persist or be modified to form other structures in adult
Ventral body cavity contains thoracic and abdominopelvic organs
Vertebrae
Limb buds
All vertebrates share a basic pattern of anatomical organization that differs from that of other animals.
The similarities between vertebrates are most apparent when comparing embryos at comparable stages of development.
The similarities are less obvious when comparing adult vertebrates. 6