2. The End of the Confederation Era
By 1786 it became clear that the Articles were not working
The Philadelphia Convention of 1787 brought leaders from the 12 states (Rhode Island did not attend) to address the following question:
How can we fix the Articles of Confederation to balance the needs of the country with the rights of the states?

3. The Decision: The Articles could not be fixed.
WHY????
The convention delegates decided that they would create a new system and write a new plan of government.
Thus, the Philadelphia Convention than became know as the CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

4. Constitutional Convention Independence Hall in Philadelphia
May – Sept 1787

5. were in Europe as American Ambassadors
55 delegates from 12 states
Most were in their 30’s & 40’s
30 were lawyers or judges
½ attended Continental Congress
Many helped draft their state constitutions
Notables include:
George Washington
Ben Franklin
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
Jefferson and Adams
were in Europe as American Ambassadors

6. James Madison: Father of the Constitution
Virginian
Scholar of Enlightenment thinking
Helped Write Virginia's Constitution
Friends with Jefferson

7. Composition of Congress
and Slavery

8. The First Draft Madison’s Plan for the Government A strong national government with three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Congress = 2 houses (Upper and Lower) and Representation in Congress was to be based on population

9. A Very Strong Central Government
The “Virginia Plan”
A Very Strong Central Government
Concerns over Representation
Small States: Lawmaking would be controlled by the large states. All States should be equal!
Large States: Too much like life under the AOC – small states have too much power!
Concerns over a very powerful centralized government.
The President and the Court could VETO or REJECT laws passed by Congress

10. States maintained more power than Central Government
The Counter-plan: The New Jersey Plan A national government with three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. One House of Congress and each state has one vote Congress to TAX and regulate TRADE
Concerns:
States maintained more power than Central Government

11. A Divided Convention Small States vs
A Divided Convention Small States vs. Large States Lacking a middle ground where the two sides could meet, the convention seemed in danger of collapsing.

12. The “Great Compromise” that created our Bi-Cameral Congress Senate – each state would have two Senators House of Representatives – a fixed number that would be divided by the proportions of state populations . Big states had more representatives than small states

13. With the “Great Compromise” approved, the delegates turned their attention to the second issue that vexed the Convention

14. Would Slaves be counted in Population numbers ?

15. North
Total Pop 1.9 million
Slave Pop 40,000 = 2.1%
South
Total Pop 2 million
Slave Pop 650,000 = 34%
Total
Total Pop 3.9 million
Slave Pop 690,000 = 18%

16. Counting Slaves: Northern & Southern States differ in their Opinions
Manufacturing & Trade Economy
Count for taxation
Do not Count for Representation in Congress
South
Agricultural Economy
Do not Count for taxation
Count for Representation in Congress

17. The 3/5 Compromise
Slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person for both representation and taxation

18. Results of 3/5 Compromise
Convention Continues
South gained more representation in House of Reps
South gained more power from extra representation
The Weed of SLAVERY continued to foul the garden of America until 1865

19. The delegates also agreed that no state could stop an escaped slave from being returned to a slaveholder. FUGITIVE SLAVE CLAUSE
Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3
No person held to service or labour in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due

20. On September 17, 1787, 39 delegates signed the document and submitted it to the States for Ratification

22. America’s Founding Fathers
Barry Faulkner’s Mural: Signers of the United States Constitution, 1789

23. Barry Faulkner’s Mural Signers of the United States Constitution, 1789
1. Edmund Randolph, Virginia 2.Nathaniel Gorham, Massachusetts 3.John Dickinson, Delaware 4. John Rutledge, South Carolina 
5. James Wilson, Pennsylvania 6. Oliver Ellsworth, Connecticut 7. Charles Pinckney, South Carolina
8. James Madison, Virginia 9. Elbridge Gerry, Massachusetts 10. William Samuel Johnson, Connecticut 11. George Mason, Virginia 12. George Washington, Virginia 13. Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania 14. Rufus King, Massachusetts 15. William Paterson, New Jersey 16.Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, South Carolina 17. Gouverneur Morris, Pennsylvania 18. Alexander Hamilton, New York 
19. George Read, Delaware 20. William R. Davie, North Carolina 21. John Langdon, New Hampshire 22. Luther Martin, Maryland 
23. Roger Sherman, Connecticut 24. Gunning Bedford, Jr., Delaware 25. Abraham Baldwin, Georgia

24. The Fight for Ratification 1787 - 1789

25. The ratification debates in the 13 State legislatures was drawn out as two competing perspectives rose up and dominated the debate about the reorganized plan of Government

26. Anti-Federalists Federalists Who are they?
For or Against Constitution?
Central Government?
States Rights?
Individual Rights?
Who are they?
For or Against Constitution?
Central Government?
States Rights?
Individual Rights?

27. Anti-Federalists Federalists
James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton
Supported the Constitution
Need a Strong Central Govn’t
Central Govn’t needs to deal with national issues, defense, internal problems
Checks and balances and separation of powers protect against Tyranny
No enumerated rights were necessary
The Federalist Papers
Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, George Mason, John Hancock
Against the Constitution as written
Central Govn’t was too Powerful
States have less power and lose their sovereignty
Tyrannical Tendencies
People need a Bill of Rights to enumerate protections
The Anti-federalist Papers

28. https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5671e728efa583f84db73527

29. First Five States Quickly Ratify
First Five States Quickly Ratify
Delaware
Pennsylvania
New Jersey
Georgia
Connecticut
1788
Ratification Stalls in
Massachusetts

30. The Massachusetts Compromise Ratification was contingent on the creation of a Bill of Rights The Federalist Delegates agreed and Massachusetts ratified in February. 1788

31. Buoyed by the Massachussetts Compromise, the process picked up and New Hampshire was the 9th State to ratify the Constitution in 1788

32. Now Ratified, The US Constitution will go into effect on March 4, 1789