1. 8
The Nervous System

2. Checkpoint (8-1)
Identify the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system.
Identify the two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system, and describe their primary functions.
What would be the effect of damage to the afferent division of the PNS?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Checkpoint (8-2) Name the structural components of a typical neuron.
Examination of a tissue sample reveals unipolar neurons. Are these more likely to be sensory neurons or motor neurons?
Identify the neuroglia of the central nervous system.
Which type of glial cell would increase in number in the brain tissue of a person with a CNS infection?
In the PNS, neuron cell bodies are located in ________ and surrounded by neuroglial cells called ________ cells.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Checkpoint (8-3)
What effect would a chemical that blocks the voltage-gated sodium channels in a neuron's plasma membrane have on the neuron's ability to depolarize?
What effect would decreasing the concentration of extracellular potassium have on the membrane potential of a neuron?
List the steps involved in the generation and propagation of an action potential.
Two axons are tested for propagation velocities. One carries action potentials at 50 meters per second, the other at 1 meter per second. Which axon is myelinated?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. Checkpoint (8-4) Describe the general structure of a synapse.
What effect would blocking calcium channels at a cholinergic synapse have on synapse function?
What type of neural circuit permits both conscious and subconscious control of the same motor neurons?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Checkpoint (8-5) Identify the three meninges surrounding the CNS.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. Checkpoint (8-6)
Damage to which root of a spinal nerve would interfere with motor function?
A person with polio has lost the use of his leg muscles. In which areas of his spinal cord could you locate virus-infected neurons?
Why are spinal nerves also called mixed nerves?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Checkpoint (8-7)
Describe one major function of each of the six regions of the brain.
The pituitary gland links the nervous and endocrine systems. To which portion of the diencephalon is it attached?
How would decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations affect the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles?
Mary suffers a head injury that damages her primary motor cortex. Where is this area located?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Checkpoint (8-7)
What senses would be affected by damage to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum?
The thalamus acts as a relay point for all but what type of sensory information?
Changes in body temperature stimulate which area of the diencephalon?
The medulla oblongata is one of the smallest sections of the brain. Why can damage to it cause death, whereas similar damage in the cerebrum might go unnoticed?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Checkpoint (8-8)
What signs would you associate with damage to the abducens nerve (N VI)?
John is having trouble moving his tongue. His physician tells him it is due to pressure on a cranial nerve. Which cranial nerve is involved?
Injury to which nerve plexus would interfere with the ability to breathe?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Checkpoint (8-9) Define reflex.
Which common reflex do physicians use to test the general condition of the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and muscles?
Why can polysynaptic reflexes produce more involved responses than can monosynaptic reflexes?
After injuring his back lifting a sofa, Tom exhibits a positive Babinski reflex. What does this imply about Tom's injury?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. Checkpoint (8-10)
As a result of pressure on her spinal cord, Jill cannot feel touch or pressure on her legs. What sensory pathway is being compressed?
The primary motor cortex of the right cerebral hemisphere controls motor function on which side of the body?
An injury to the superior portion of the motor cortex would affect the ability to control muscles of which parts of the body?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Checkpoint (8-11)
While out for a brisk walk, Megan is suddenly confronted by an angry dog. Which division of the ANS is responsible for the physiological changes that occur as she turns and runs from the animal?
Why is the parasympathetic division of the ANS sometimes referred to as the anabolic system?
What effect would loss of sympathetic stimulation have on the flow of air into the lungs?
What physiological changes would you expect in a patient who is about to undergo a root canal procedure and is quite anxious about it?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. Checkpoint (8-12)
What is the major cause of age-related shrinkage of the brain?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Checkpoint (8-13)
Identify the relationships between the nervous system and the body systems studied so far.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.