1. Bell Ringer QUESTION #121 QUESTION #122 QUESTION #123
Answer the following questions in the EOC Practice Packet in the back of your INB:
QUESTION #121
QUESTION #122
QUESTION #123

2. Question 121
The United States’ justification for dropping atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was that— a. the bomb’s destructive power might end the war more quickly b. Japan’s military power was created in these two cities c. Japan had attacked major cities in other nations d. Japan was on the verge of developing its own atomic weapon

3. Question 122
Following World War II, the Nuremberg Tribunal established the principle that— a. citizens charged with war crimes must be tried in their home country b. only a nation’s leader can be charged with war crimes c. military leaders are more responsible for war crimes than civilian authorities d. obedience to the nation’s wartime policies does not excuse guilt for crimes against humanity

4. Question 123
President Harry Truman’s decision to use atomic bombs against Japan was primarily based on his belief that— a. an invasion of Japan would result in excessive American casualties b. Germany would refuse to surrender in Europe c. an alliance was developing between Japan and the Soviet Union d. Japan was in the process of developing its own atomic weapons

5. The Cold War Begins
Essential Question: Why did the United States and Soviet Union enter into the Cold War?

6. TEKS and Objectives
We will…
I will…
(8A) describe the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Pan, NATO, and the Berlin Airlift
Complete a handout correctly identifying the roots and characteristics of the Cold War

7. The Roots of the Cold War
United States
Wanted to spread democracy and capitalism
Soviet Union
Wanted other countries to adopt communism
Why a “cold” war?
Threat of war
Two Superpowers never fight directly

8. One political party, the Communist Party multi-party democracy
Category
Political System
One political party, the Communist Party
multi-party democracy
Organizations
All labor groups run by Communist Party
Unions negotiate w/employers
Economic System
Industries/farms owned by state; central planners determine the nation’s economic needs; limited private property; education/healthcare provided by state
Free enterprise system; private ownership of property; supply and demand determine prices; people meet their own needs with some limited government
Religion
Religion is discouraged
Free exercise of religion
Individual Rights
Secret police arrest opponents; censorship; no free exercise of beliefs
Freedom of press and expression
Soviet Communism
American Democracy

9. The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences
Yalta – February 1945
Who?
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin (The Big Three)
Outcome?
Plan for post-war Europe
Agreed to form United Nations
Free elections in liberated countries and Poland
Germany?
divided into four occupation zones
Berlin also divided

10. The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences
Potsdam – July 1945
Who?
Truman, Attlee, and Stalin
What changed?
Germany had surrendered
U.S. secretly tested atomic bomb during conference
Stalin’s growing distrust of the West

11. Beginning of the Cold War
Soviet Union
Troops occupied Eastern Europe and placed local Communists in power
No free elections in Poland
United States
Refused to share secrets behind atomic bomb

12. Beginning of the Cold War
Iron Curtain
Divided Communist East from Democratic West
Limited travel/communication for 40 years

13. Origins of U.S. Containment Policy
Stop Communism from spreading to other countries
Truman Doctrine
Greece and Turkey threatened with Communist takeover
Truman vowed to support any country fighting Communism

14. In the Truman Doctrine, President Truman promised to support any country fighting Communism:
“I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted [conquest] by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid, which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.” Do you think the United States should have offered aid to all nations facing such threats? Explain.

15. A historian, Stephen Ambrose, once wrote:
“Truman realized that he could never get the economy-minded Republicans— and the public that stood behind them—to shell out tax dollars to support a rather shabby King in Greece. Truman had to describe the Greek situation in universal terms, good versus evil, to get their support. In a single sentence, Truman defined American policy for the next twenty years. Whenever and wherever an anti-Communist government was threatened by insurgents, foreign invasion, or even diplomatic pressure, the United States would supply political, economic, and most of all military aid.” What is Ambrose’s view of the Truman Doctrine?

16. The Marshall Plan (1948) Post-War Europe Faced with famine
Cities reduced to rubble
Desperate people attracted to Communism

17. The Marshall Plan (1948) George C. Marshall
Secretary of State
Proposed massive aid for European countries to rebuild their economies
Success of the Marshall Plan
Speeded recovery of Western Europe
Created allies and trading partners for U.S.

18. Germany West Germany (1948) Berlin Blockade
Merger of the 4 zones (French, British, and American)
Berlin in the Soviet Zone
Berlin Blockade
Soviet Union blocked Allies’ railway, road, and canal access to East Berlin

19. Germany Berlin Airlift (1948-1949)
Fed/supplied West Berlin for almost a year
Stalin backed off
Soviets built Berlin Wall in 1961

20. NATO and the Warsaw Pact
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
Collective security (members pledged to defend each other)
Warsaw Pact (1955)
Response to NATO
Soviet Union and Eastern European satellites