1. Classification
EQ: How have new discoveries helped us to redefine the relationships among organisms?

2. Review – Darwin Evolution
Overproduction of Offspring
More offspring are born than can survive
2. Inherited Variation
Difference in phenotype of population
3. Struggle to Survive
Competition for resources cause by
Overpopulation / Environmental pressure
4. Differential Reproductive Success
Organisms with better adaptive trait will survive and pass on its genes.

3. Why do we classify organisms?
To allows scientists to identify, group, and name organisms via a standardized system (Linnaeus Taxonomy)
Classification changes as more information is gathered.

4. How do we classify organism?
organize creatures by structure & function
organize them into groups of closely related creatures.
Similarities in structures, molecular (DNA/RNA) comparison

5. Classification System: taxonomy
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Can you create a pneumonic device?
Carolus Linnaeus

6. Methods of Classification : Carolus Linnaeus
Developed the modern system of taxonomic classification
needed to be able to communicate with scientists from all over the world
Latin was adopted because:
The root of all languages
A dead language (not spoken by anyone as a normal dialect).

7. Methods of Classification
Binomial Nomenclature : All living organisms, plant, animal and those in between, are classified down to just two names:
Genus = generic
Species = specific
roughly translates to mean “two names.”
Example: Homo sapien or Homo sapien

8. Classification 2 Domains, 6 Kingdoms Domain: Prokaryotes
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
2 Domains, 6 Kingdoms
Domain: Prokaryotes
No separate organelles in their cells (no nucleus)
Kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Domain: Eukaryotes
Separate organelles
in their cells (nucleus)
Kingdoms: Protists, Plants
Fungi, Animals

9. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Prokaryotes
Kingdom Protist
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plant
Kingdom Animal
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Bacteria
Eukaryotes

10. Domain: Prokaryote includes…
Kingdom: EuBacteria
Kingdom: Archaebacteria
one-celled organisms
no nucleus or membrane organelles
have cell membrane
have DNA
most common form of life on Earth
incredible number of different kinds
Ancient bacteria
live in extreme environments
high heat
high salt
the most ancient creatures living on Earth today

11. Domain Eukaryote includes…
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

12. Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Protista
Eukaryotic: unicellular (Simple with no organized tissue)
Most live in water but some live in soil and the human body; Mobil
Categories:
Plant like – photosynthetic
Animal like – heterotrophic
Fungus like – decomposers
Usually asexual reproduction
ex: Amoeba, paramecium, mold

13. Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Plantae
Multicellular (Organized into tissues)
Not generally mobile
Autotrophic (create own energy)
Photosynthetic –Get energy from the sun and take in nutrients from their surroundings (Contain chloroplasts)
Most reproduce from seeds (sexual); some Asexually
Ex. Ferns, Sunflowers
Cell walls made of cellulose

14. Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Fungi
Most are multicellular and some are unicellular organisms
Not organized into tissues
Cell walls make of Chitin
Heterotrophic - Get nutrients and energy by absorbing/ digesting the surface they live on
Most reproduce by spores
Mushrooms, yeast

15. Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Animalia
Multicellular , organized tissue
Heterotrophic - Get nutrients and energy by eating other organisms
Produce eggs as a way to reproduce
(sexual reproduction)
Some eggs develop inside the mother's body, and some develop outside the mother's body.
Ex. Humans, birds, snakes

16. Methods of Classification
The evolutionary history of an organism.
Cladogram or phylogenic tree
It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups
A clade or branch will share derived characteristics
A derived characteristic is a feature that evolved only within the group of organisms
Evidence of a common ancestor
Phylogeny: c c

17. Example of a Cladogram

18. The phylogenetic tree to the right shows a few of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom.
What is the common ancestor of all organisms shown on this tree?
Protists
Are the Cnidarians more closely related to the sponges or to the comb jellies (Ctenophores)?
The Ctenophores
What is the closest relative to the Rotifers?
Roundworms
What does a branch point represent?
The last common ancestor shared by two or more organisms.

19. All the animals to the right of the hagfish would have the common characteristic of
fur
claws or nails
lungs
jaws

20. Classifications Web quest
C- none, this is independent
H- ask three before me
A- complete the web-quest on classzone.com
M- remain seated, walking around will result in a strike.
P- complete your paper copy of the web-quest, you do not need to fill out the online questions.

21. Clear your desk of everything except DO NOW
Exit ticket
Clear your desk of everything except DO NOW