1. DAILY RECOVERY FROM WORK-RELATED EFFORT DURING NON-WORK TIME
Demetrouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Geurts, S.A.E., Taris, T. W.

2. Theories that help us to understand the process of recovery
Effort- Recovery Model
Effort is mobilized by the activation of Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary (SAM) system which regulates cardiovascular activity
Sympathetic activation – adrenalin and noradrenalin
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) – stress hormone cortisol
After work conditions- under optimal conditions- people return to their prestressor levels

3. Theories that help us to understand the process of recovery
Effort- Recovery Model
Under what circumstances the crucial process of recovery is hampered? ( Geurts & Sonnentag, 2006)
Prolonged exposure to work demands ( daily over time work)
Exposure to effortful demands
Difficulty to psychologically detach from job stressors
Rumination about past stressors
Anticipation of future stressors

4. Theories that help us to understand the process of recovery
Conservation of Resources Theory
People strive to obtain, retain, protect and build resources that are important to them
Resources
Self esteem
Good marriage
Level of vigor |

5. Theories that help us to understand the process of recovery
Conservation of Resources Theory
People strive to obtain, retain, protect and build resources that are important to them
Conservation
Engaging in leisure time activities refill people’s batteries |

6. Theories that help us to understand the process of recovery
Allostatic Load Model
Alloatasis
The process of how the phsiological system adjusts form one level of activation to the other
Change from activity to rest
A healthy response of an allosctatic system – central nervous system, endocrine system and immune system
Iniate a response to adapt to the current demanding situation
Sustain this reaction till demanding situation ends
Shutting off the response after the demand is no longer imposed to the system
The system then will enter a state of rest
Adaptive response to workload
Incerase in heart rate and blood pressure
Allostatic load is a patophysiological outcome – the system fails to shut off |

7. Conceptualization of Recovery
Is the process during which an individual’s functioning returns to its pre-stressor level
Recovery experience
Is degree to which the individual perceives the activities he/she does during non-work time helps him/her to restore energy resources
Fatigue as a proxy
Elaveted levels of fatigue is used to identify individuals who failed to recover

8. Recovery activities Sleep
Restorative function and maintains performance (Campbell, 1992).
Individuals with high levels of fatigue have fewer hours of sleep amd require extra efort to conduct their work
Cognitive arousal at bed time is associated with increased sleep disturbance
Cropley, Dijk, and Stanley (2006) found that ruminating about work issues one hour before bedtime was associated with greater sleep disturbance

9. Recovery activities Sleep Adults need 7-9 hours of sleep
Children hours
minutes nap is very benefical for recovery ( Takahashi, Fukuda, & Arito, 1998).
Lamont et al., ( 2006) reported that lay over time between flights positively affected performance of the flight attendants
Sonnentag et al.( 2008) found that sleep quality was positevely associated with mood (positive affect, serenity) amd negatively with negative affect and fatigue.

10. Recovery activities Low effort activities
Passive activities that require harly any effort
Watching TV, listening to music or just relaxing on the sofa doing nothing.
Effects of low effort activities on recovery is mixed
Rook and Zijlstra (2006) – had little or no effect on recovery
Sonnentag (2001) – related to well-being at bed time among teachers
Sonnentag and Natter (2004) – no effect of well-being among flight attendants

11. Recovery activities Relaxation activities
A state which is characterized by low activation and positive affect
Meditation, taking a walk , taking a long hot bath, yoga, breathig exercises.
They reduce psycho-physiological activation- the system can return to its prestressor state
Activities are pleasurable and incerase positive affectivity – has favourable effects on well-being

12. Recovery activities Relaxation activities
Negatively correlated with health complaints, exhaustion, sleep problems and need for recovery.
Positevely correlated with well-being
Previous day meditation/prayer increased sleep quality and inter-shift recovery
Daily recovery mediated the link between meditation/prayer and acute fatigue ( Garrick, Winwood, & Bakker, 2008).

13. Recovery activities Social activities
Acivities that focus on social contact
Going to party, dining, phoning other people
These activities may have recovery functions
They provide social support
Draw on different resources than those necessary for work- related tasks

14. Recovery activities Social activities
Sonnentag and Zijlstar (2006) found that social activities were positevely related to well-being at bed time and negativeşy related to need for recovery. However
Sonnentag and Bayer (2005) – unrelated to positive mood as well as to fatigue at bedtime.
Sonnentag and Natter (2004) – involvement in social activities was related to higher feeling sof depression at bedtime
Talking about work?
Relaxing for some people but not for others
Extraverts and introverts ???

15. Recovery activities Physical activities
Behaviours including exercise, physical training and sports etc.
Endorphin levels, serotonin and dopamine
The completion of effortful task ( including exercise) brings about sense of mastery, achievement and self- efficacy that enhance positive mood and well-being.
Consistent evidence – well-being at bed time is improved on days when individuals spend time on physical activities ( Sonnentag, 2001; Sonnentag & Bayer, 2003; Sonnentag & Natter, 2004).

16. Recovery activities Physical activities
Behaviours including exercise, physical training and sports etc.
Physical activities have a positive effect on vigor and mood amd negative effect on depression

17. Recovery activities Creative activities
Hobbies or creative activities have received very little attention
They provide mastery experiences.
Winwood et al. (2007) found that employees reporting higher levels of hobby activities reported better sleep and recovery between work periods and lower chronic maladaptive fatigue.
Garrick et al. (2008) found that engagement in hobbies increased recovery which in turn had a positive effect on next days’ work engagement.

18. Psyhological experiences with a potential for recovery
Psyhological detachment
Psychological detachment
Individuals’ sense of being away from work – not only physically but also psychologically
Individuals top thinking about work and disengages himself/herself from work
When individuals do not detach and think abot their work issues during non work time they are cognitevely aroused ( Cropley et al., 2006).
When they deatch from their work – no further demands tax their psyhobiological system ( Sonnentag & Fritz, 2007).

19. Psyhological experiences with a potential for recovery
Psyhological detachment
People who experience psyhologcail detachment from work during leisure time reported better mood, less negative effect, less fatigue.
Psyhological detachment is useful after stressful and demanding work days
Experiences on the job and nature of the job related cognitions determines level of recovery and recovery related outcomes.

20. Psyhological experiences with a potential for recovery
Humor
Humor states benefit stress and coping
Cardiac rehabilitation and pain threshold
Engaging in humorous activities result in
Decreased fatigue
increased recovery
Higher subsequent work engagement
Garrick et al. (2008) – time spent on laughing or being engaged in humor was related to inter-shift recovery and sleep quality.
Did not influence next day work engagement and fatigue. |

21. Psyhological experiences with a potential for recovery
Work related activities
Activities that have compulsory character – task related activities similiar to those conducted at work |

22. Psyhological experiences with a potential for recovery
Household and child care activities

23. FACTORS INHIBITING RECOVERY WORK- RELATED
Job demands – particularly work overload determine our daily mood or affect ( Zohar, Tzischinski,& Epstein, 2005).
High workload coincide with impaired well- being depletes employees’ energy resources.
Overtime influences daily recovery – it increases the demands on employees and act as a stressor and increases fatigue.
If employees work overtime time left for recovery is shortened

24. FACTORS INHIBITING RECOVERY WORK- RELATED
Rau and Triemer (2004) followed participants for 24h with a computerized diary and monitored their blood pressure – to test the recovery and overtime.
Overtime impacted both organization of after work activities and night-time recovery
Men and women worked overtime had less leisure time men reported less time for household, childcare etc. Than those working regular hours.
People who work overtime were found to have a disturbed ability to recover and display sleep disturbances.

25. FACTORS INHIBITING RECOVERY NON-WORK HASSLES
On going stressors in day-to day life –private life
Problems with car
Conflicts with a family member
Too much household problems
These hassles interrupt recovery processes and drain emotional resources because they put additional load on the individual ( Fritz & Sonnentag, 2005).

26. FACTORS INHIBITING RECOVERY NON-WORK HASSLES
They are unpredictable and unexpected therefore people do not deal them adequately.
These hassles explained 20% of variance in daily mood.
Non-work hassles during the weekend contributed to poor general well- being, poor task performance higher disengagement from work, lower levels of personal initiative ( Fritz & Sonnentag, 2005).

27. Need for Recovery
Sense of urgency that people feel to take a break from their demands – when they feel fatigue.
Need for recovery from work can be seen early stages of long-term strain process leading to prolonged fatigue., psychological distress and cardiovascular complaints.

28. Need for Recovery Need for recovery
Find it difficult to relax at the end of a working day
Can not concentrate during their free time after work
Need free days to rest
Feel tired when they start a new working day

29. Need for Recovery Need for recovery
Individuals who are exposed to high work demands experience higher need for recovery.
Also home demands
Positive relationship between demands and need for recovery
Frings- Dresen (2004) found that truck drivers’ physical, psychological and supervisor demands were positively related to need for recovery.

30. Need for Recovery Need for recovery
Individuals who are exposed to high work demands experience higher need for recovery.
Also home demands
Positive relationship between demands and need for recovery
Frings- Dresen (2004) found that truck drivers’ physical, psychological and supervisor demands were positively related to need for recovery.

31. Need for Recovery Need for recovery Job resources
Job control and social support have been related to need for recovery.
Job control was significantly related to lower need for recovery during bed time

32. Need for Recovery
Negative affectivity and well-being when returning home were significant predictors of need for recovery during bedtime.
People who spent a high amount of time on work-related activities had a stronger need for recovery at bedtime
High amounts of time spent on social activities and physical activities had negative effects on need for recovery (Sonnentag & Zijlstra, 2006).

33. Outcomes of Need for Recovery
Need for recovery was positively related to employee volunteer turnover in two year follow up study among truck drivers ( De Croon at al., 2004).
High needs of recovery were associated with an increased risk of leaving shift work
High needs of recovery were associated sickness absence
Need for recovery was a major predictor of psychosomatic complaints, sleep complaints and emotional complaints.