1. "THE BIG 4" MACROMOLECULES
Key vocabulary terms
Macromolecule
Polymer
Monomer

2. CHNOPS: The Six Most Abundant Elements of Life
Identify the most common elements in living things
Identify the most common elements in living things and recognize elements from compounds.
CHNOPS: The Six Most Abundant Elements of Life

3. Element & Compound
Element is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom.
Hydrogen Oxygen
Compound a substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements.
H2O

4. Hydrogen Bonding
Are the bonds between base pairs (C-G, A-T)

5. What do these words mean?
Micro
MACRO

6. Polymer
"Poly"
Polygons
Polyester
Polygamy
Means..Many

7. What does “Mono” mean? 1

8. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found on foods nutrition labels
3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found on foods nutrition labels. All four are found in foods.
FAT
1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
Carbohydrates
(13 grams in this product)
Protein
(9 grams in this product)

9. What is the fourth
type of biochemical
macromolecule?

10. The 4th type of biochemical macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDS
The types of Nucleic Acids
DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

11. CARBOHYDRATES THINK: “CHO”
Each carbohydrate is made up of the following elements…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

12. CARBOHYDRATES

13. CARBOHYDRATES

14. CARBOHYDRATES Monomer of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide.
MADE UP OF...
Monomer of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide.
Polymer of carbohydrate is a polysaccharide (starch)
The most common monomer of carbohydrates is…
GLUCOSE

15. CARBOHYDRATES
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies)
In animal products- in MILK

16. CARBOHYDRATES WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel!
Used for quick energy.
They make up the cell wall in plants
This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.
THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

17. LIPIDS THINK: “CHO” Each Lipid is made up of the following elements…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

18. LIPIDS

19. Lipids are composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids which make a….
MADE UP OF...
Lipids are composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids which make a….
TRIGLYCERIDES

20. LIPIDS
WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future.
Make up the cell membrane
They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS
They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes!
THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steroids, energy, cushion… “WISE C”

21. LIPIDS WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? In plants- in the seeds
In animals- Adipose+ Connective tissue
Lipids make up the cell membrane
MARGARINE
OILS
BUTTER

22. LIPIDS…Some interesting info
Steriods...
There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are:
SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STERIODS
CHOLESTEROL
They increase muscle
Like testosterone and estrogen

23. PROTEINS THINK: “CHON”
Each protein is made up of the following elements…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen,
Nitrogen
THINK: “CHON”

24. PROTEINS

25. Amino acids… Proteins

26. PROTEINS MADE UP OF... The polymer of proteins are polypeptide chain
The monomer of proteins are amino acids (20 kinds of amino acids)
Amino acids are attached together to from the polypeptide chain by peptide bonds

27. Proteins

28. The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string

29. PROTEINS WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them
They make up antibodies in the immune system
They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions
They makeup non-steriod hormones which
THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

30. Hair, Skin, Nails, Muscles, Ligaments, Tendons, and Bones

31. Nucleic Acids THINK: “CHONP”
Each nucleic acid is made up of the following elements…
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Phosphorus, and Nitrogen
THINK: “CHONP”

32. Nucleic Acids

33. Polymer of nucleic acid is DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids
MADE UP OF...
Polymer of nucleic acid is DNA and RNA
The monomer of nucleic acid is a nucleotide (made up of sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base)

34. Nucleic Acids WHAT DO THEY DO DNA
Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA.
Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body.
RNA
Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes the proteins for your body.

35. The shape of a nucleic acid is:
DNA is a
double helix
RNA is a
single strand

36. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
The Role of Enzymes
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.

37. Characteristics of Chemical Reactions
All chemical reactions involve reactants and
Products.
Reactants are the atoms, molecules or compounds
that enter a into a chemical reaction.
Products are the atoms, molecules or compounds
that result from the reaction
Photosynthesis
Reactants Products
(light energy)
Carbon
Dioxide + water Glucose Oxygen
CO H2O C6H12O O2

38. Activation Energy: the energy needed to get a reaction started.
Enzymes lower the activation energy

39. Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. If you didn’t have enzymes in your stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long!

40. Protein that acts as a catalyst for a biochemical reaction.
Enzymes
Protein that acts as a catalyst for a biochemical reaction.
Explain why enzymes are important to living things..
3-dimensional structure of a human pancreatic lipase

41. Catalyst
Material that speeds up a reaction without being used up.

42. Enzymes can form to the shape of its substrate
Enzymes can form to the shape of its substrate. They fit together much like a lock and key. When the reaction finishes, the products are released. The enzyme, which is unchanged , can then repeat the process. It is not used up I

44. Substrate
Molecule on which an enzyme acts.

45. Active Site
Pocket formed in the folds of an enzyme and to which a substrate binds: site of reaction catalyzed by an enzyme.

46. ? ? ?

49. ENZYMES STOP WORKING WHEN CONDITIONS ARE NOT RIGHT
Different enzymes operate under:
Certain temperature ranges
Certain pH ranges
Certain enzyme specificity
ENZYMES STOP WORKING WHEN CONDITIONS ARE NOT RIGHT

50. Denaturing The changing in shape of the enzyme
What are some things that can denature an enzyme?
Temperature and pH

51. Temperature
What is the optimal temperature for the above reaction?

52. Effects of pH
Enzymes are affected by changes in pH. The most favorable pH value - the point where the enzyme is most active - is known as the optimum pH.
Extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most enzymes. pH is also a factor in the stability of enzymes.

53. 1. What best describes how enzymes function in the body?
a.  Enzymes are converted into products by the reactions they catalyze.
b.  Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions
c.  One enzyme can catalyze many different reactions.
d.  An enzyme is used once and then destroyed by the cell

54. a. antibody b. enzyme c. hormone. d. inorganic compound
2. The diagram below illustrates a biochemical process that occurs in organisms. The substance labeled catalyst is also known as a(n)
a.  antibody b.  enzyme c.  hormone. d.  inorganic compound

55. 3. The enzyme catalase is involved in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.  During this reaction, the catalase
a.  is unchanged.
b.  is used up.
c.  is changed into a product.
d.  is formed into a new enzyme

56. Which graph best illustrates the changes in a reaction when the catalyst reduces the amount of energy required?
a. b. c. d.

57. Which statement best describes the enzyme represented in the graphs below?
(1.) This enzyme works best at a temperature of 35 C and a pH of 8. 
(2.) This enzyme works best at a temperature of 50 C and a pH of 12. 
(3.) Temperature and pH have no influence on the activity of this enzyme.  
(4.) This enzyme works best at a temperature above 50 C and a pH above 12

58. Why will the enzyme convert only sugar molecule A to usable energy?
Sugar molecule A is converted to usable energy by a specific enzyme. If a different sugar molecule B is substituted, the energy conversion will not occur, as shown below.
Why will the enzyme convert only sugar molecule A to usable energy?
F. The enzyme is specific to a type of sugar.
G. The concentration of molecules is different in each sugar.
H. The sugar molecule A may be degrading the sugar molecule