1. Teeth / Jaw Diet Continue on to Set # 16CSet # 16C

2. the lower jaw = mandible related term: mandibular torus

3. The jaw... in apes mandibles slant outward and downward, without a chin (prognathism)

4. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 245 Pongid Prognathism. (Line of greatest muscle force is shown in red.)

5. The jaw... in humans lower jaw is comparatively small, but always has a distinct chin

6. Modern human cranium. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 432

8. The teeth... apes have a simian shelf rather than a chin

10. The teeth... ape teeth have cusp patterns for the lower molars similar to those of humans...

11. The teeth... rather than a plus-4 pattern... apes have a Y-5 pattern

12. plus-4 Y-5

14. The teeth... apes (and monkeys) still possess conical, daggerish canines which project well beyond the surface of the opposite teeth...

16. The teeth... apes (and monkeys) have diastemata, spaces opposite the large canine teeth... (diastemata = plural of diastema)

17. The teeth... diastema = a space in the tooth row that accommodates one or more teeth from the opposite jaw

18. Teeth of a male patas monkey. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 205

19. The teeth... both apes and humans have 8 incisorsI 4 caninesC 8 premolarsP 12 molarsM abbreviations

20. The teeth... both apes and humans have the same dental formula 2.1.2.3. 2.1.2.3.

21. Donald Johanson and Maitland Edey, Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1981.

22. Dental formulae Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 120

23. The teeth... apes have a U-shaped jaw...

26. The teeth... in humans the plate is arched and curves outward at the back (parabolic arch)...

29. The teeth... the overall evolutionary trend is toward smaller teeth

31. Next: Other Changes Continue on to Set # 16DSet # 16D Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 136