1. Chapter 12 Tooth Morphology Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. No part of this product may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including input into or storage in any information system, without permission in writing from the publisher. PowerPoint ® presentation slides may be displayed and may be reproduced in print form for instructional purposes only, provided a proper copyright notice appears on the last page of each print-out. Produced in the United States of America ISBN 0-7216-9770-4

2. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Introduction There is a certain amount of variation among individual teeth. Every tooth may not meet all the criteria for identification. By understanding the characteristics of each tooth, you will be able to differentiate among teeth, as well as between the left teeth and the right teeth in any particular group. Table 12-1 provides general guidelines for tooth identification. There is a certain amount of variation among individual teeth. Every tooth may not meet all the criteria for identification. By understanding the characteristics of each tooth, you will be able to differentiate among teeth, as well as between the left teeth and the right teeth in any particular group. Table 12-1 provides general guidelines for tooth identification.

3. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Clinical Uses for Tooth Morphology n Mounting dental radiographs. n Assisting in charting a mouth with missing teeth and teeth that have drifted. n Selecting temporary crowns from a box with a variety of shapes. n Forming matrix bands before application. n Mounting dental radiographs. n Assisting in charting a mouth with missing teeth and teeth that have drifted. n Selecting temporary crowns from a box with a variety of shapes. n Forming matrix bands before application.

4. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-1 Stainless steel crowns are available in a variety of sizes for each tooth. Fig. 12-1

5. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Anterior Permanent Dentition n There are 12 anterior teeth in the permanent dentition, six in each dental arch. n The permanent anterior teeth include the central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines. n The central incisors are closest to the midline, the lateral incisors are the second teeth from the midline, and the canines are the third teeth from the midline. n All anterior teeth are succedaneous teeth, replacing primary teeth of the same type. n There are 12 anterior teeth in the permanent dentition, six in each dental arch. n The permanent anterior teeth include the central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines. n The central incisors are closest to the midline, the lateral incisors are the second teeth from the midline, and the canines are the third teeth from the midline. n All anterior teeth are succedaneous teeth, replacing primary teeth of the same type.

6. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-2 Attractive teeth are important for a nice smile. Fig. 12-2

7. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Characteristics of Permanent Anterior Teeth n All anterior teeth have a cingulum, a rounded, raised area on the cervical third of the lingual surface. n The cingulum corresponds to the lingual developmental lobe. n The lingual surface on anterior teeth has rounded, raised borders on the mesial and distal surfaces called marginal ridges. n Some anterior teeth have a fossa, which is a wide, shallow depression on the lingual surfaces. n All anterior teeth have a cingulum, a rounded, raised area on the cervical third of the lingual surface. n The cingulum corresponds to the lingual developmental lobe. n The lingual surface on anterior teeth has rounded, raised borders on the mesial and distal surfaces called marginal ridges. n Some anterior teeth have a fossa, which is a wide, shallow depression on the lingual surfaces.

8. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-3 Various views of a newly erupted permanent maxillary incisor showing its features. Fig. 12-3

9. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Maxillary Central Incisors n The maxillary central incisors (#8 and #9) have unique anatomic features. n They are larger in all dimensions, especially mediodistally, compared with a permanent mandibular central incisor. n The labial surfaces are more rounded from the incisal aspect, with the tooth tapering toward the lingual. n The root is short compared to roots of other permanent maxillary teeth. n All lingual surface features, including the marginal ridges, lingual fossa, and cingulum, are more prominent on the maxillary central incisor than on the mandibular central incisor. n The maxillary central incisors (#8 and #9) have unique anatomic features. n They are larger in all dimensions, especially mediodistally, compared with a permanent mandibular central incisor. n The labial surfaces are more rounded from the incisal aspect, with the tooth tapering toward the lingual. n The root is short compared to roots of other permanent maxillary teeth. n All lingual surface features, including the marginal ridges, lingual fossa, and cingulum, are more prominent on the maxillary central incisor than on the mandibular central incisor.

10. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-4 Various views of a maxillary right central incisor. Fig. 12-4

11. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Maxillary Central Incisors contd n The incisal edges of these teeth are formed at the labioincisal line angle and do not exist until an edge has been created by wear. n The incisal edge is also known as the incisal surface or incisal plane. n When newly erupted, the central and lateral incisors have three mamelons, or rounded enamel extensions on the incisal ridge, or edge. n The mamelons usually undergo attrition shortly after eruption. n The incisal edges of these teeth are formed at the labioincisal line angle and do not exist until an edge has been created by wear. n The incisal edge is also known as the incisal surface or incisal plane. n When newly erupted, the central and lateral incisors have three mamelons, or rounded enamel extensions on the incisal ridge, or edge. n The mamelons usually undergo attrition shortly after eruption.

12. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-5 The mamelons are the rounded portions of the incisal edge of these lower central incisors. Fig. 12-5

13. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Maxillary Lateral Incisors n The maxillary lateral incisors (#7 and #10) are smaller than the central incisors in all dimensions except root length. n They usually erupt after the maxillary central incisors. n The crown of a maxillary lateral incisor has a single root that is relatively smooth and straight but may curve slightly to the distal. n Recognizing this feature is helpful when mounting radiographs. n The maxillary lateral incisors (#7 and #10) are smaller than the central incisors in all dimensions except root length. n They usually erupt after the maxillary central incisors. n The crown of a maxillary lateral incisor has a single root that is relatively smooth and straight but may curve slightly to the distal. n Recognizing this feature is helpful when mounting radiographs.

14. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Maxillary Lateral Incisors contd n The lateral incisors vary in form more than any other tooth in the mouth, except the third molars, and frequently are congenitally missing. n Because of the variations in form, the permanent maxillary lateral incisors present challenges during preventive, restorative, and orthodontic procedures. n Often, unattractive open contacts (spaces between teeth) called diastemas occur in this area because of the variations in tooth size and position in the arch. n The lateral incisors vary in form more than any other tooth in the mouth, except the third molars, and frequently are congenitally missing. n Because of the variations in form, the permanent maxillary lateral incisors present challenges during preventive, restorative, and orthodontic procedures. n Often, unattractive open contacts (spaces between teeth) called diastemas occur in this area because of the variations in tooth size and position in the arch.

15. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-6 Various views of a maxillary right lateral incisor. Fig. 12-6

16. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-7 Pegged maxillary lateral incisor. Note concial shape. Fig. 12-7

17. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Mandibular Permanent Incisors n The permanent mandibular incisors are the smallest teeth of the permanent dentition and the most symmetric. n The central and lateral incisors of the mandibular arch resemble each other. n Generally, the lateral incisor is larger than the central incisor, in contrast to the teeth in the maxillary arch. n Supragingival tooth deposits, such as plaque, calculus, and stain, tend to collect in the lingual concavity of the mandibular incisors. n The permanent mandibular incisors are the smallest teeth of the permanent dentition and the most symmetric. n The central and lateral incisors of the mandibular arch resemble each other. n Generally, the lateral incisor is larger than the central incisor, in contrast to the teeth in the maxillary arch. n Supragingival tooth deposits, such as plaque, calculus, and stain, tend to collect in the lingual concavity of the mandibular incisors.

18. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-9 Various views of a mandibular right lateral incisor. Fig. 12-9

19. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Mandibular Central Incisors n The mandibular central incisors (#24 and #25) are the smallest and simplest teeth and are bilaterally symmetric. n They have a small centered cingulum, subtle lingual fossa, and equally subtle marginal ridges. n The crown of a mandibular central incisor is narrower on the lingual surface than on the labial surface. n The developmental horizontal lines on anterior teeth, or imbrication lines, and developmental depressions are usually not present or very faint. n The mandibular central incisors (#24 and #25) are the smallest and simplest teeth and are bilaterally symmetric. n They have a small centered cingulum, subtle lingual fossa, and equally subtle marginal ridges. n The crown of a mandibular central incisor is narrower on the lingual surface than on the labial surface. n The developmental horizontal lines on anterior teeth, or imbrication lines, and developmental depressions are usually not present or very faint.

20. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-8 Various views of a mandibular right central incisor. Fig. 12-8

21. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Mandibular Lateral Incisors n The mandibular lateral incisors (#23 and #26) are slightly larger than the mandibular central incisors but otherwise are similar. n The lateral teeth usually erupt after the mandibular central incisors. n The lateral incisors have a small, distally placed cingulum. n The greater height of the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) curvature on the mesial surface than on the distal surface helps to distinguish the right mandibular lateral incisor from the left incisor. n The mandibular lateral incisors (#23 and #26) are slightly larger than the mandibular central incisors but otherwise are similar. n The lateral teeth usually erupt after the mandibular central incisors. n The lateral incisors have a small, distally placed cingulum. n The greater height of the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) curvature on the mesial surface than on the distal surface helps to distinguish the right mandibular lateral incisor from the left incisor.

22. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Permanent Canines n The permanent canines are the four anterior teeth located at the corners of each quadrant for each dental arch. n Their name is derived from the Latin word for dog (canus) because these teeth resemble dogs teeth. n Patients often complain of the normal slightly deeper yellow color of their canines compared with their incisor teeth. n The permanent canines are the longest teeth in the dentition. n The permanent canines are the four anterior teeth located at the corners of each quadrant for each dental arch. n Their name is derived from the Latin word for dog (canus) because these teeth resemble dogs teeth. n Patients often complain of the normal slightly deeper yellow color of their canines compared with their incisor teeth. n The permanent canines are the longest teeth in the dentition.

23. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Permanent Canines contd n The permanent canines are the longest teeth in the dentition. n The root is usually one times the length of the crown. n This large root is externally manifested by the bony vertical ridge called the canine eminence. Patients commonly call the canines their eyeteeth. n The permanent canines are the longest teeth in the dentition. n The root is usually one times the length of the crown. n This large root is externally manifested by the bony vertical ridge called the canine eminence. Patients commonly call the canines their eyeteeth.

24. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-10 Labial (A) and labial (B) views of permanent mandibular and maxillary canine. Fig. 12-10

25. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Maxillary Canines n The maxillary canines (#6 and #11) usually erupt after the mandibular canines, after the maxillary incisors, and possibly after the maxillary premolars. n The cusp tip is sharper on a maxillary canine. n The mesial cusp slope is usually shorter than the distal cusp slope in both the maxillary and the mandibular canines when they first erupt. n The length of these cusp slopes and the cusp tip can change with attrition. n The maxillary canines (#6 and #11) usually erupt after the mandibular canines, after the maxillary incisors, and possibly after the maxillary premolars. n The cusp tip is sharper on a maxillary canine. n The mesial cusp slope is usually shorter than the distal cusp slope in both the maxillary and the mandibular canines when they first erupt. n The length of these cusp slopes and the cusp tip can change with attrition.

26. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Clinical Considerations with Maxillary Canines n The maxillary canines may erupt labially or lingually in relation to the surrounding teeth. n The maxillary canines may also fail to erupt fully and may remain impacted. n This occurs because the permanent maxillary canines erupt after the maxillary incisors and possibly after the premolars and their arch space has closed. n The maxillary canines may erupt labially or lingually in relation to the surrounding teeth. n The maxillary canines may also fail to erupt fully and may remain impacted. n This occurs because the permanent maxillary canines erupt after the maxillary incisors and possibly after the premolars and their arch space has closed.

27. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Mandibular Canines n The mandibular canines (#22 and #27) usually erupt before the maxillary canines and after most of the incisors have erupted. n A mandibular canine closely resembles a maxillary canine. n Although the entire tooth is usually as long, a mandibular canine is narrower labiolingually and mesiodistally than a maxillary canine. n The lingual surface of the crown of the mandibular canines is smoother than that of the maxillary canines and has a less developed cingulum and two marginal ridges. n The mandibular canines (#22 and #27) usually erupt before the maxillary canines and after most of the incisors have erupted. n A mandibular canine closely resembles a maxillary canine. n Although the entire tooth is usually as long, a mandibular canine is narrower labiolingually and mesiodistally than a maxillary canine. n The lingual surface of the crown of the mandibular canines is smoother than that of the maxillary canines and has a less developed cingulum and two marginal ridges.

28. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-11 Various views of a mandibular right canine. Fig. 12-11

29. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Posterior Permanent Dentition n The permanent posterior teeth include the premolars and molars. n The crown of each posterior tooth has an occlusal surface, bordered distally and mesially by marginal ridges. n The occlusal surfaces have two or more cusps. Imagine each cusp as a mountain with sloping areas, or cusp ridges, extending from the top of the mountain; between the ridges are sloping areas called inclined cuspal planes. n The permanent posterior teeth include the premolars and molars. n The crown of each posterior tooth has an occlusal surface, bordered distally and mesially by marginal ridges. n The occlusal surfaces have two or more cusps. Imagine each cusp as a mountain with sloping areas, or cusp ridges, extending from the top of the mountain; between the ridges are sloping areas called inclined cuspal planes.

30. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-12 Occlusal features of maxillary right second premolar. Fig. 12-12

31. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Posterior Permanent Dentition contd n Each shallow, wide depression on the occlusal table is a fossa. n One type of fossa on posterior teeth, the central fossa, is located where the cusp ridges converge in a central point, where the grooves meet. n Another type of fossa is the triangular fossa. n Sometimes located in the deepest portions of the fossa are occlusal developmental pits. Each pit is a sharp pinpoint depression where two or more grooves meet. n Each shallow, wide depression on the occlusal table is a fossa. n One type of fossa on posterior teeth, the central fossa, is located where the cusp ridges converge in a central point, where the grooves meet. n Another type of fossa is the triangular fossa. n Sometimes located in the deepest portions of the fossa are occlusal developmental pits. Each pit is a sharp pinpoint depression where two or more grooves meet.

32. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-13 Features of occlusal surface on permanent posterior tooth. Fig. 12-13

33. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Clinical Considerations with Posterior Teeth n The occlusal surfaces on permanent posterior teeth have pit and groove patterns that make them susceptible to caries (decay). n This occurs because of increased plaque retention and the thinness of the enamel forming the walls of the pits and grooves. n The pits and grooves need to be carefully checked for decay with an explorer and mirror and possibly a chemical caries indicator. n Posterior teeth with deep pit and groove patterns should have dental sealants placed shortly after these teeth erupt. n The occlusal surfaces on permanent posterior teeth have pit and groove patterns that make them susceptible to caries (decay). n This occurs because of increased plaque retention and the thinness of the enamel forming the walls of the pits and grooves. n The pits and grooves need to be carefully checked for decay with an explorer and mirror and possibly a chemical caries indicator. n Posterior teeth with deep pit and groove patterns should have dental sealants placed shortly after these teeth erupt.

34. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Permanent Premolars n There are eight premolars in the permanent dentition, two in each quadrant. n They are located posterior to the canines and immediately anterior to the molars. n The two types of premolars are: First premolars Second premolars n There are eight premolars in the permanent dentition, two in each quadrant. n They are located posterior to the canines and immediately anterior to the molars. n The two types of premolars are: First premolars Second premolars

35. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Maxillary First Premolars n A maxillary first premolar (#5 and #12) is larger than a maxillary second premolar. n Each maxillary first premolar has two cusps (buccal and lingual) and two roots (facial and lingual). n Both maxillary premolars erupt earlier than the mandibular premolars. n A maxillary first premolar (#5 and #12) is larger than a maxillary second premolar. n Each maxillary first premolar has two cusps (buccal and lingual) and two roots (facial and lingual). n Both maxillary premolars erupt earlier than the mandibular premolars.

36. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Maxillary First Premolars contd n The maxillary first premolar has a bifurcated root (two roots, one buccal and one lingual). n Some first premolars have roots that are joined together, or fused. n The roots are shorter in length and resemble the roots of the molars. n The maxillary first premolar has a bifurcated root (two roots, one buccal and one lingual). n Some first premolars have roots that are joined together, or fused. n The roots are shorter in length and resemble the roots of the molars.

37. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Clinical Considerations with First Maxillary Premolars n The maxillary first premolar is frequently extracted as part of orthodontic treatment when the patients teeth are crowded and more room is needed. n The orthodontist closes the space, and the patients facial appearance is not changed. n The slight depression in the shape of the root makes the first maxillary premolar more susceptible to periodontal disease. n Therefore, when it is necessary to remove one of the premolars, the choice for removal is the first maxillary premolar. n The maxillary first premolar is frequently extracted as part of orthodontic treatment when the patients teeth are crowded and more room is needed. n The orthodontist closes the space, and the patients facial appearance is not changed. n The slight depression in the shape of the root makes the first maxillary premolar more susceptible to periodontal disease. n Therefore, when it is necessary to remove one of the premolars, the choice for removal is the first maxillary premolar.

38. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-14 Various views of a maxillary right first premolar. Fig. 12-14

39. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Maxillary Second Premolars n Each maxillary second premolar (#4 and #13) has two cusps (buccal and lingual) and one root.

40. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Differences Between Second and First Premolars n The cusps are more equal in length on the second premolar. n The lingual cusp is slightly shorter but not as short as the cusp on the maxillary first premolar. n The mesiobuccal cusp slope is shorter than the distobuccal cusp slope on the second premolar. n The cusps of the secondary premolar are not as sharp as those of the maxillary first premolar. n The second premolar has only one root and one root canal. n The second premolar has a slight depression on the mesial root. n The second premolar is wider buccolingually than mesiodistally. n The cusps are more equal in length on the second premolar. n The lingual cusp is slightly shorter but not as short as the cusp on the maxillary first premolar. n The mesiobuccal cusp slope is shorter than the distobuccal cusp slope on the second premolar. n The cusps of the secondary premolar are not as sharp as those of the maxillary first premolar. n The second premolar has only one root and one root canal. n The second premolar has a slight depression on the mesial root. n The second premolar is wider buccolingually than mesiodistally.

41. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Mandibular First Premolars n The mandibular first premolars (#21 and #28) have a long and well-formed buccal cusp and a small, nonfunctioning lingual cusp. n The lingual cusp may be no larger than the cingulum on some maxillary canines. n The mandibular first premolars are smaller and shorter than the mandibular second premolars. n The mandibular first premolars (#21 and #28) have a long and well-formed buccal cusp and a small, nonfunctioning lingual cusp. n The lingual cusp may be no larger than the cingulum on some maxillary canines. n The mandibular first premolars are smaller and shorter than the mandibular second premolars.

42. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-15 Various views of a mandibular right first premolar. Fig. 12-15

43. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Mandibular Second Premolars n The permanent mandibular second premolars (#20 and #29) erupt distal to the mandibular first premolars. n They are the succedaneous replacements for the primary mandibular second molars. n There are two forms of the mandibular second premolar: Three-cusp type, or tricuspidate form Two-cusp type, or bicuspidate form n The permanent mandibular second premolars (#20 and #29) erupt distal to the mandibular first premolars. n They are the succedaneous replacements for the primary mandibular second molars. n There are two forms of the mandibular second premolar: Three-cusp type, or tricuspidate form Two-cusp type, or bicuspidate form

44. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-16 Various views of a mandibular right second premolar. Fig. 12-16

45. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Permanent Molars n The name molar comes from the Latin word for grinding. n There are three types of molars: the first molar, second molar, and third molar. n The first and second molars are also called the 6- year and 12-year molars because of the approximate eruption ages. n The name molar comes from the Latin word for grinding. n There are three types of molars: the first molar, second molar, and third molar. n The first and second molars are also called the 6- year and 12-year molars because of the approximate eruption ages.

46. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Permanent Molars contd n There are 12 molars, three in each quadrant, in the permanent dentition. n The molar crowns have four or five short, blunt cusps, and each molar has two or three roots that help to support the larger crown. n There are 12 molars, three in each quadrant, in the permanent dentition. n The molar crowns have four or five short, blunt cusps, and each molar has two or three roots that help to support the larger crown.

47. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Maxillary Molars n They are usually the first permanent teeth to erupt into the maxillary arch. n Each maxillary molar usually has four major cusps, with two cusps on the buccal portion of the occlusal table and two on the lingual. n Each maxillary molar has three well-separated and well-developed roots. n A tooth with three roots is said to be trifurcated, which means divided into thirds. n They are usually the first permanent teeth to erupt into the maxillary arch. n Each maxillary molar usually has four major cusps, with two cusps on the buccal portion of the occlusal table and two on the lingual. n Each maxillary molar has three well-separated and well-developed roots. n A tooth with three roots is said to be trifurcated, which means divided into thirds.

48. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Maxillary First Molars n The maxillary first molars (#3 and #14) are the first permanent teeth to erupt into the maxillary arch. n They erupt distal to the primary maxillary second molars and thus are nonsuccedaneous. n The maxillary first molar is the largest tooth in the maxillary arch and also has the largest crown in the permanent dentition. n This molar is composed of five developmental lobes, two buccal and three lingual. The fifth cusp is called the cusp of Carabelli. n The maxillary first molars (#3 and #14) are the first permanent teeth to erupt into the maxillary arch. n They erupt distal to the primary maxillary second molars and thus are nonsuccedaneous. n The maxillary first molar is the largest tooth in the maxillary arch and also has the largest crown in the permanent dentition. n This molar is composed of five developmental lobes, two buccal and three lingual. The fifth cusp is called the cusp of Carabelli.

49. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-18 A, Maxillary first molar. B, Mandibular first molar. Fig. 12-18

50. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-19 Various views of a maxillary right first molar. Fig. 12-19

51. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Maxillary Second Molars n The crown is somewhat shorter than that of the first molar, and the maxillary second molar usually has four cusps. n No fifth cusp is present. n There are three roots. n The roots of the secondary molars are smaller than roots of the first molars. The lingual root is still the largest and longest. n The buccal groove is located farther distally on the buccal surface of the second than the first maxillary molar. n The mesiobuccal cusp of the second maxillary molar is longer and has a less sharp cusp tip than the distobuccal cusp. n The crown is somewhat shorter than that of the first molar, and the maxillary second molar usually has four cusps. n No fifth cusp is present. n There are three roots. n The roots of the secondary molars are smaller than roots of the first molars. The lingual root is still the largest and longest. n The buccal groove is located farther distally on the buccal surface of the second than the first maxillary molar. n The mesiobuccal cusp of the second maxillary molar is longer and has a less sharp cusp tip than the distobuccal cusp.

52. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-20 Various views of a maxillary right second molar. Fig. 12-20

53. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Maxillary Third Molars n The maxillary third molars (#1 and #16) differ considerably in size and contour. n The crown is smaller, and the roots usually are shorter. n The roots of this tooth tend to fuse, and the result is a single, tapered root. n People sometimes refer to this tooth as the wisdom tooth because it erupts last. n The maxillary third molars (#1 and #16) differ considerably in size and contour. n The crown is smaller, and the roots usually are shorter. n The roots of this tooth tend to fuse, and the result is a single, tapered root. n People sometimes refer to this tooth as the wisdom tooth because it erupts last.

54. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Clinical Considerations with Maxillary Molars n The roots of the maxillary molars may penetrate the maxillary sinus as a result of accidental trauma or during an extraction. n Because the maxillary molar roots are close to the sinus, some patients confuse the pain caused by a sinus infection with pain related to their maxillary teeth and vice versa. n The permanent maxillary third molars may fail to erupt and may remain impacted within the alveolar bone. n If the maxillary first molar is lost, the second molar can tip and drift into the open space, causing difficulty in chewing and furthering periodontal disease. n The roots of the maxillary molars may penetrate the maxillary sinus as a result of accidental trauma or during an extraction. n Because the maxillary molar roots are close to the sinus, some patients confuse the pain caused by a sinus infection with pain related to their maxillary teeth and vice versa. n The permanent maxillary third molars may fail to erupt and may remain impacted within the alveolar bone. n If the maxillary first molar is lost, the second molar can tip and drift into the open space, causing difficulty in chewing and furthering periodontal disease.

55. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-21 Buccal views of maxillary right third molars. A, First molar. B, Second molar. C, Third molar. Notice how the roots tend to be closer together when the molars are farther distally. Third molar roots are often fused. Fig. 12-21

56. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Mandibular Molars n The mandibular molars erupt 6 months to 1 year before the corresponding permanent maxillary molars. n The crown of mandibular molars have four or five major cusps, of which there are always two lingual cusps of about the same width. n All mandibular molars are wider mesiodistally than buccolingually, similar to anterior teeth. n The mandibular molars erupt 6 months to 1 year before the corresponding permanent maxillary molars. n The crown of mandibular molars have four or five major cusps, of which there are always two lingual cusps of about the same width. n All mandibular molars are wider mesiodistally than buccolingually, similar to anterior teeth.

57. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Mandibular Molars contd n Each mandibular molar has two well-developed roots: one mesial and one distal. n A tooth with two roots is referred to as bifurcated, which means divided into two. n A bifurcation is the area at which the two roots divide. n Each mandibular molar has two well-developed roots: one mesial and one distal. n A tooth with two roots is referred to as bifurcated, which means divided into two. n A bifurcation is the area at which the two roots divide.

58. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Mandibular First Molars n The permanent mandibular first molars (#19 and #30) erupt between 6 and 7 years of age. n These teeth are usually the first permanent teeth to erupt in the oral cavity. n The two roots, mesial and distal, of a mandibular first molar are larger and more divergent than those of a second molar. n When this molar has three roots, the mesial root has both buccal and lingual branches. n The permanent mandibular first molars (#19 and #30) erupt between 6 and 7 years of age. n These teeth are usually the first permanent teeth to erupt in the oral cavity. n The two roots, mesial and distal, of a mandibular first molar are larger and more divergent than those of a second molar. n When this molar has three roots, the mesial root has both buccal and lingual branches.

59. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Mandibular Second Molars n The mandibular second molars (#18 and #31) erupt between 11 and 12 years of age. n These teeth erupt distal to the permanent first molars and thus are nonsuccedaneous. n The crown of the mandibular second molar is slightly smaller than the first molar in all directions. n The crown has four well-developed cusps. n The mandibular second molars (#18 and #31) erupt between 11 and 12 years of age. n These teeth erupt distal to the permanent first molars and thus are nonsuccedaneous. n The crown of the mandibular second molar is slightly smaller than the first molar in all directions. n The crown has four well-developed cusps.

60. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Mandibular Third Molars n The mandibular third molars (#17 and #32) are similar to the maxillary third molars in that they are vary greatly in shape. n There is no typical mandibular third molar. n This molar is usually smaller in all dimensions than the second molar. n The third molar usually consists of four developmental lobes. n A mandibular third molar usually has two roots that are fused, irregularly curved, and shorter than those of a mandibular second molar. n The mandibular third molars (#17 and #32) are similar to the maxillary third molars in that they are vary greatly in shape. n There is no typical mandibular third molar. n This molar is usually smaller in all dimensions than the second molar. n The third molar usually consists of four developmental lobes. n A mandibular third molar usually has two roots that are fused, irregularly curved, and shorter than those of a mandibular second molar.

61. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Clinical Considerations with Mandibular Molars n The mandibular molars can present difficulty in positioning the oral evacuator because of the lingual inclination of the crowns. n Patients often have problems with their oral hygiene because of the lingual inclination of the molar teeth, and they may miss cleaning the lingual gingiva with the toothbrush. n The mandibular molars can present difficulty in positioning the oral evacuator because of the lingual inclination of the crowns. n Patients often have problems with their oral hygiene because of the lingual inclination of the molar teeth, and they may miss cleaning the lingual gingiva with the toothbrush.

62. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. The Primary Dentition n There are 20 primary teeth, 10 per dental arch. n These teeth include incisors, canines, and molars. n The primary teeth are numbered in the Universal Tooth Numbering System by using the capital letters A through T. n The primary teeth are smaller overall and have whiter enamel than the permanent teeth. n The crown of any primary tooth is short in relation to its total length. The crowns are narrower at the CEJ. n There are 20 primary teeth, 10 per dental arch. n These teeth include incisors, canines, and molars. n The primary teeth are numbered in the Universal Tooth Numbering System by using the capital letters A through T. n The primary teeth are smaller overall and have whiter enamel than the permanent teeth. n The crown of any primary tooth is short in relation to its total length. The crowns are narrower at the CEJ.

63. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. The Primary Dentition contd n The pulp chambers and pulp horns in primary teeth are relatively large in proportion to those of the permanent teeth. n There is a thick layer of dentin between the pulp chambers and the enamel, especially in the primary mandibular second molar. The enamel layer is relatively thin. n The pulp chambers and pulp horns in primary teeth are relatively large in proportion to those of the permanent teeth. n There is a thick layer of dentin between the pulp chambers and the enamel, especially in the primary mandibular second molar. The enamel layer is relatively thin.

64. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Clinical Considerations with Primary Teeth n Often, parents do not understand the importance of the primary teeth. n Primary teeth hold the eruption space for the permanent teeth that will replace the primary teeth. n Because the enamel and dentin is thinner in primary teeth, decay can travel quickly through the enamel to the pulp, possibly causing loss of the tooth. n Early dental health education and dental care are essential for keeping the primary dentition. n Often, parents do not understand the importance of the primary teeth. n Primary teeth hold the eruption space for the permanent teeth that will replace the primary teeth. n Because the enamel and dentin is thinner in primary teeth, decay can travel quickly through the enamel to the pulp, possibly causing loss of the tooth. n Early dental health education and dental care are essential for keeping the primary dentition.

65. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Primary Maxillary Incisors n The crown of the primary maxillary central incisor (E and F) is wider mesiodistally than incisocervically. n It is the only tooth of either dentition with this crown dimension. n The primary maxillary incisors have no mamelons. n The cingulum and marginal ridges are more prominent than on the permanent successor, and the lingual fossa is deeper. n The crown of the primary maxillary central incisor (E and F) is wider mesiodistally than incisocervically. n It is the only tooth of either dentition with this crown dimension. n The primary maxillary incisors have no mamelons. n The cingulum and marginal ridges are more prominent than on the permanent successor, and the lingual fossa is deeper.

66. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-29 Various views of a primary maxillary right central incisor. Fig. 12-29

67. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Primary Maxillary Lateral Incisors n The crown of the primary maxillary lateral incisor (D and G) is similar to that of the central incisor but is much smaller in all dimensions. n The incisal angles on the lateral incisor are also more rounded than on the central incisor. n The lateral root is longer in proportion to its crown, and its apex is sharper. n The crown of the primary maxillary lateral incisor (D and G) is similar to that of the central incisor but is much smaller in all dimensions. n The incisal angles on the lateral incisor are also more rounded than on the central incisor. n The lateral root is longer in proportion to its crown, and its apex is sharper.

68. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-30 Various views of a primary maxillary right lateral incisor. Fig. 12-30

69. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Primary Mandibular Central Incisors n The crown of the primary mandibular incisor (O and P) resembles the primary mandibular lateral incisor more than its permanent central successor. n The mandibular central incisor is extremely symmetric. n It is also not as constricted at the CEJ as the primary maxillary incisor. n The lingual surface of the mandibular central incisors appears smooth and tapers toward the prominent cingulum. n The crown of the primary mandibular incisor (O and P) resembles the primary mandibular lateral incisor more than its permanent central successor. n The mandibular central incisor is extremely symmetric. n It is also not as constricted at the CEJ as the primary maxillary incisor. n The lingual surface of the mandibular central incisors appears smooth and tapers toward the prominent cingulum.

70. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-31 Various views of a primary mandibular right central incisor. Fig. 12-31

71. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Primary Mandibular Lateral Incisors n The crown of the primary lateral incisor (Q and N) is similar in form to that of the central incisor in the same arch but is wider and longer. n The incisal edge of the mandibular lateral incisor slopes distally, and the distoincisal angle is more rounded. n The root may have a distal curvature in its apical third and usually has a distal longitudinal groove. n The crown of the primary lateral incisor (Q and N) is similar in form to that of the central incisor in the same arch but is wider and longer. n The incisal edge of the mandibular lateral incisor slopes distally, and the distoincisal angle is more rounded. n The root may have a distal curvature in its apical third and usually has a distal longitudinal groove.

72. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-32 Various views of a primary mandibular right lateral incisor. Fig. 12-32

73. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Primary Canines n There are four primary canines, two in each dental arch. n These primary canines differ from the outline of their permanent successors in the following ways: The crown of the primary maxillary canine (C and H) has a relatively longer and sharper cusp than that of its permanent successor when first erupted. The mesial and distal outlines of the primary maxillary canine are rounder. n There are four primary canines, two in each dental arch. n These primary canines differ from the outline of their permanent successors in the following ways: The crown of the primary maxillary canine (C and H) has a relatively longer and sharper cusp than that of its permanent successor when first erupted. The mesial and distal outlines of the primary maxillary canine are rounder.

74. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-33 Various views of a primary maxillary right canine. Fig. 12-33

75. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Primary Mandibular Canines n The primary mandibular canine (M and R) resembles the primary maxillary canine. n This tooth is much smaller labiolingually. n The distal cusp slope is much longer than the mesial cusp slope. n The lingual surface of the primary mandibular canine is marked by a shallow lingual fossa. n The primary mandibular canine (M and R) resembles the primary maxillary canine, although some dimensions are different. This tooth is much smaller labiolingually. n The primary mandibular canine (M and R) resembles the primary maxillary canine. n This tooth is much smaller labiolingually. n The distal cusp slope is much longer than the mesial cusp slope. n The lingual surface of the primary mandibular canine is marked by a shallow lingual fossa. n The primary mandibular canine (M and R) resembles the primary maxillary canine, although some dimensions are different. This tooth is much smaller labiolingually.

76. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-34 Various views of a primary mandibular right canine. Fig. 12-34

77. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Primary Molars n The crown of the primary maxillary first molar (B and I) does not resemble any other crown of either dentition. n The height of contour on the buccal surface is at the cervical one third of the tooth and on the lingual side is at the middle one third. n The primary maxillary molars have three roots, which are thinner and have greater flare than the permanent maxillary first molar. n The lingual root is the longest and most divergent. n The crown of the primary maxillary first molar (B and I) does not resemble any other crown of either dentition. n The height of contour on the buccal surface is at the cervical one third of the tooth and on the lingual side is at the middle one third. n The primary maxillary molars have three roots, which are thinner and have greater flare than the permanent maxillary first molar. n The lingual root is the longest and most divergent.

78. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-35 Various views of a primary maxillary right first molar. Fig. 12-35

79. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Primary Maxillary Second Molars n The primary maxillary second molar (A and J) is larger than the primary maxillary first molar. n This tooth most closely resembles the form of the permanent maxillary first molar but is smaller in all dimensions. n The second molar usually has a cusp of Carabelli, the minor fifth cusp. n The primary maxillary second molar (A and J) is larger than the primary maxillary first molar. n This tooth most closely resembles the form of the permanent maxillary first molar but is smaller in all dimensions. n The second molar usually has a cusp of Carabelli, the minor fifth cusp.

80. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-36 Various views of a primary maxillary right second molar. Fig. 12-36

81. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Primary Mandibular First Molars n The crown of the primary mandibular first molar (L and S) is unlike any other tooth of either dentition. n The height of contour on the buccal surface is at the cervical one third of the tooth and on the lingual side is at the middle one third. n The primary mandibular first molar has four cusps; the mesial cusps are larger. n The tooth has two roots, which are positioned similarly to those of other primary and permanent mandibular molars. n The crown of the primary mandibular first molar (L and S) is unlike any other tooth of either dentition. n The height of contour on the buccal surface is at the cervical one third of the tooth and on the lingual side is at the middle one third. n The primary mandibular first molar has four cusps; the mesial cusps are larger. n The tooth has two roots, which are positioned similarly to those of other primary and permanent mandibular molars.

82. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-37 Various views of a primary mandibular right first molar. Fig. 12-37

83. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Primary Mandibular Second Molars n The primary mandibular second molar (K and T) is larger than the primary mandibular first molar. n It has five cusps; the second molar most closely resembles the form of the permanent mandibular first molar. n The three buccal cusps are nearly equal in size. n The primary mandibular second molar has an overall oval occlusal shape. n The primary mandibular second molar (K and T) is larger than the primary mandibular first molar. n It has five cusps; the second molar most closely resembles the form of the permanent mandibular first molar. n The three buccal cusps are nearly equal in size. n The primary mandibular second molar has an overall oval occlusal shape.

84. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig. 12-38 Various views of a primary mandibular right second molar. Fig. 12-38