1. By
Ronald R. Maharaj
Urbanisation

2. What is Urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the process in which the number of people living in cities increases compared with the number of people living in rural areas. A country is considered to be urbanised when over 50% of its population lives in urban places.
Urbanisation is most rapid in Third World countries, where the world's largest cities occur. Mexico City, the world's largest city, has a population of more than 18 million, estimated to grow to over 26 million people by the year 2000.

3. URBANISATION LEVELS IN SOME THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES
Mexico 69% Argentina 84% Malaysia 38% Mauritius 54% Korea 64% Brazil 73% Algeria 43% Poland 60%

4. MDC’s and LDC’s
The process of urbanisation is different for MDC’s and LDC’s.

5. LDC’s
The process of urbanization has occurred differently in much of the developing world.
Historically many of these countries were former colonies They have some of the highest rates of population growth and the largest urban areas. They are characterized as being poor having significantly less technology then the developed world, and a very rapid transition from rural to urban societies.

6. LDC’s
Population is placing pressure on urban areas and without having the benefit of industrialization the lack of employment opportunities for the mass of urban migrants is undermining the ability of cities to incorporate people.  The consequences of this lack of employment opportunities are growing urban areas a large percent of whose population is unemployed and living in poverty and forced to live in unsanitary squatter settlements. 

7. MDC’s
In MDC’s the rural to urban migration was facilitated by large-scale industrialization and the need for labour

8. Causes of Urbanisation
reduce expense in commuting and transportation
improving opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation.
greater variety of jobs
to seek economic opportunities
better basic services as well as other specialist services that aren't found in rural areas
elderly are often forced to move to cities where there are doctors and hospitals that can cater for their health needs
variety of entertainment (restaurants, movie theatres, theme parks, etc)

9. Technology and Urbanisation
Due to the technological advances within urban areas, people are attracted in great amount to these centres

10. Effects of Urbanisation
Lack of housing and open areas of land
Lack of safe and efficient transportation
Crime
Urban heat
respiratory problems among human
Fire hazards
Loss of land for agriculture
Loss of biodiversity
Aid in global warming
Abnormal births

11. Solutions to urban growth
cities can be revitalized by managing growth
cleaning up environmentally contaminated land
reinvesting in existing neighbourhoods
changing governmental infrastructure financing policies
Establish urban growth boundaries
Decentralisation

12. Counter-Urbanisation
Counter urbanization is a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas. It first took place as a reaction to inner-city deprivation and overcrowding

13. The Causes of Counter-Urbanisation
improvement of inner city transport infrastructure, and more sustainable public transport, people no-longer have to live close to their work, and so can easily commute each day
housing density
housing prices
pollution
crime levels
Peaceful retirement
Development in transportation

14. Technology and Counter-Urbanisation
Technological change is an important contributor to counter-urbanisation
People find it easily to live in rural areas if there are modern technologies as:
Fax
Computer with modem
Freezer
Telephone
Television
Automobile
Air conditioning

15. Consequences of Counter-Urbanisation to rural areas
Increase in demand of rural property can cause prices to rise
Young people cannot afford to buy homes in their own village
Newcomers to rural areas may not appreciate the traditional customs of village life
Original inhabitants may feel swamped by new-comers

16. Consequences of Counter-Urbanisation to urban areas
The people who leave cities to live in rural areas tend to be skilled or be professionals. They are often well educated and earn god salaries.
People who are left behind tend to belong to the lower income groups, less skilled and less educated, and more likely to be unemployed

17. Consequences of Counter-Urbanisation to urban areas
Due to population decline in urban areas the following may occur:
Funds diminish for transport, education, leisure and other services
Poorer unemployed people remain in the city

18. THE END
HOPE YOU ENJOYED THIS LESSON