1. Fig. 16.1

2. Fig. 16.2

3. Basic Terms Used for Feeding Mechanisms of Vertebrates
1. Suspension-feeding (= filter-feeding) - filter small particles (alive or dead, depending on species) out of water column
2. Suction-feeding - open mouth, suck in food
3. Ram-feeding - open mouth, swim over food
Ram-Suction Index - compares movement of food relative to movement of feeder
4. Inertial-feeding - inertia of food is used to move it in oral cavity
5. Transport - movement of food within oral cavity (by water currents in aquatic vertebrates or tongue in tetrapods)
6. Mastication - physical reduction of food size by chewing

4. Fig. 16.3

5. Wear Patterns of Teeth are Functionally Important
Enamel is > 95% inorganic matter; it is the hardest substance in vertebrate bodies
Enamel is harder than dentine
Dentine is harder than cement
These properties mean that teeth can be “self-sharpening”

6. Some Important Terms for Teeth
Polyphyodont - multiple generations of tooth replacement (most vertebrates)
Diphyodont - two sets of teeth: milk and permanent (most mammals; incisor, canine and premolar teeth are replaced)
Monophyodont - a single set of teeth (e.g., cetaceans)
Homodont - teeth of similar shape along jaw
Heterodont - teeth of different shape along the jaw
Tooth plate or Toothplate - at least two uses are common:
1. Many individual teeth fused together at their bases; separate cusps are still visible (e.g., in pharynx of fishes)
2. Fusion of individual teeth during ontogeny: separate cusps may not still be visible (e.g., lungfishes, chimaeras)

7. Fig. 16.4

8. Fig. 16.5

9. Types of Mammalian Teeth and Dental Formulae
Incisor teeth (I), typically these are replaced
Canine teeth (C), typically these are replaced
Premolar teeth (P), typically these are replaced
Molar teeth (M), typically these are not replaced
Formulae are expressed as type # in upper jaw/# in lower jaw
I 5/4, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 4/4 = opossum
I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 = humans

10. Fig. 16.6
Carnassial Pair: P4-M1

11. Fig. 16.7

12. Terms for Mammalian Molars
Tribosphenic molars - plesiomorphic condition seen in opossums and insectivores
Bunodont molars - low-crowned condition seen in omnivores such as humans and pigs
Lophodont molars (e.g., Rhinoceros, Fig. 16-9A)
Selenodont molars (e.g., deer, Fig. 16-9B).
Molarization of premolars (remember that premolars are replaced wheras molars are not replaced.)
High-crowned, or hypsodont, molars (e.g., horse, Fig C).

13. Fig. 16.8

14. Teeth of Herbivores
Fig. 16.9

15. Jaw Mechanics of Actinopterygians 1: Early Actinopterygians
Fig

16. Jaw Mechanics of Sharks
Fig

17. Jaw Mechanics of Actinopterygians 2: Teleosts
Fig

18. Jaw Mechanics of Aquatic Salamanders (Ambystoma)
Fig

19. Cranial Kinesis in Varanid Lizards
Fig

20. Jaw Mechanics of Cats
Fig

21. Jaw Mechanics of Carnivores versus Herbivores
Fig

22. Palates
Fig

23. Tongues
Fig

24. Role of Tongue in Feeding System of Lizards
Fig

25. Salivary Glands
Fig

26. Fig

27. Kinesis and Fang Erection System of Rattlesnakes
Focus 16.1

28. Kinesis in Beak of Birds
Focus 16.1