1. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
These diseases are covered predominantly in chapter 9 & 11 of your textbook

2. CASE #1 CANINE DISTEMPER

3. So what is Distemper? single-stranded RNA, enveloped, paramyxovirus
Affects respiratory, gastrointestinal and central nervous system
Transmission of this virus is through aerosolization of bodily fluids, fomites
Greatest in dogs 3-6 months/ Bodily fluids: urine, feces, salvia
Several strains exist and they vary from mild to fatal
Hallmark of infection: immunosuppression followed by development of secondary infections (although, neurologic signs or encephalitis- inflammation of brain-may be caused by the direct effect of the virus on the neurons)

4. Distemper continued:
Incubation period is 1-2 weeks from time of exposure
Prognosis is guarded at best, especially if neurologic signs are present
Fatality rate may be as high as 90%!
CDV does not affect cats/very contagious though
Incubation: Period between exposure to infection.
Fatality depends on what strain is involved.

5. Clinical signs: Clear discharge from nose and eyes Fever (>103.5)
Coughing
Lethargy
Anorexia
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Neurologic signs (could be ataxia, jaw chattering, nystagmus)
First signs seen are respiratory signs, they could have inflamed nasal passages, which results in discharge.
Travels through lymphatic system into blood stream, causes GI issues and then leads to neurologic systems.
Neurologic: Could also see muscle twitching, circling, even blindness

6. DIAGNOSTICS: DIAGNOSTIC TESTS: CBC: to look for evidence of infection
There is NO SPECIFIC DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR DISTEMPER BEFORE DEATH!
Post-mortem tissue sample taken from mucous membranes or epithelial cells of the urinary, respiratory, or GI tract may also display viral inclusions.
Diagnosis is usually based off clinical signs in an unvaccinated animal.
Fluorescent antibody test (FA): Performed on blood, respiratory, conjunctiva/mucous membranes. This test takes a long time to come back so the vet will start treating before that.

7. TREATMENT: TREATMENT-SUPPORTIVE THERAPY ANTIBIOTICS FLUIDS
SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
Anti-emetics
Ophthalmic ointments
Cleaning ocular/nasal discharge frequently
Nutrition
Clean, dry environment; low stress
The only treatment is supportive therapy (treatment designed to improve, reinforce, or sustain a patient's physiological well-being)
Antibiotics due to secondary infections (2-5 weeks after infection)-immune system is weaker

8. PATIENT PRESENTATION HYPERKERATOSIS OF NOSE & FOOT PADS
ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA
Hyperkeratosis (abnormal thickening of the outer layer of the skin): Some strains cause this, it is treated secondary. This can be painful
Enamel hypoplasia is a defect of the enamel that only occurs while teeth are still developing. The condition results in thin enamel (could be seen in later stages of distemper)

9. Distemper Neuro Video:
Neurological signs in these patients is a poor prognostic indicator
Jaw chattering video
Could also lead to Myoclonus if survives treatment after neurologic signs (video on computer)

10. PREVENTION Vaccination – start 6wks of age
Thorough cleaning – the virus can be killed with common disinfectants, and heat
Isolation of infected animals
Easily killed from environment

11. CASE #2 Parvovirus

12. So what is Parvo virus? Small, non-enveloped single stranded DNA virus
Young animals with rapidly dividing cells are more susceptible
Highly contagious viral illness that effects dogs
Two different forms
Rapidly dividing cells: bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, myocardium

13. Two forms:
Intestinal form (most common), which is characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss and anorexia. Severe case could lead to intussusception.
- Cardiac form (less common), which is when the virus attacks the heart muscle of young puppies.
Intussusception: A condition in which part of the intestine telescopes into itself, this causes obstruction of the intestines
CPV can be life threatening due to severe fluid losses and electrolyte derangements secondary to anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea

14. PARVOVIRUS continued:
Majority of cases are seen in puppies between 6 weeks to 6 months of age.
It is spread by direct contact with an infected dog or indirect, through fecal-oral route
CPV has an incubation period of 4 to 7 days. The intestinal form of CPV affects the bodies ability to absorb nutrients. The animal will become dehydrated and weak. Clinical signs usually start suddenly.
Incubation period: the period between exposure to an infection and the appearance of the first symptoms
The virus replicates quickly, usually starts attacking intestinal tract within 4 days of exposure. If these pups are eating, they won’t absorb nutrients.

15. Clinical signs: Severe, bloody diarrhea Lethargy Anorexia Fever
Vomiting
Sever weight loss
CPV can live in the environment for years. It is resistant to most cleaning products except for bleach.

16. DIAGNOSTICS: Clinical signs Thorough history
Positive ELISA snap test (most common)
ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay
Complete blood count (Lymphopenia is an indication of CVP)
Neutropenia and lymphopenia
Microscopic evaluation of a stool sample
Parvo is attacking the immune system, specifically neutrophils and lymphocytes will be low.
Penia: Low

17. PARVO ELISA Takes 10 minutes to give results.
(2mins)

18. TREATMENTs: ISOLATE INFECTED ANIMALS
HOSPITALIZATION – SUPPORTIVE THERAPY
IV fluids w/added electrolytes, added dextrose (hetastarch used as plasma volume expander)
Dextrose: Helps with hypoglycemia
ANTIBIOTICS
Losing a lot of fluids, need to replace electrolytes
Not eating, low BG
Antibiotics for secondary infections

19. Treatment continued: ANTI-EMETICS Reglan (metoclopramide)
Cerenia (maropitant)
Zofran (ondansetron)
+/- Plasma transfusion for hypoproteinemia
Pain medication (Help with fever)
Reglan will help with hypersalivation
Plasma might be needed in severe cases, remember these guys are lacking protein due to nutrition, blood loss, dehydration

20. PROGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS: generally good with aggressive and early treatment; 80%-90% success
Concurrent infections and GI parasites can worsen prognosis
If they parasites, you will be fighting more than just a virus and secondary issues

21. PREVENTION & CLIENT INFORMATION
VACCINATION
Keep puppies isolated until they have firm immunity, usually about weeks of age
This vaccine is started at 6 weeks of age
- A booster vaccine is given every 3 weeks until the puppy is 16 weeks of age
Parvovirus (DOVE 2mins)
Isolation Protocol (DOVE 4mins)

22. PREVENTION & CLIENT INFORMATION
The 1st 2 vaccines are not valid
Clients should isolate puppies from others
Treatment is expensive
The virus is resistant in the environment and may survive for years. A 1:30 solution of bleach is effective.
Normal household cleaners will not kill the virus.
We usually tell owners not to get another puppy for a while even after disinfecting.

23. CASE #3 Canine Respiratory Disease Complex (Kennel Cough or Infectious Tracheobronchitis) see ch.11 pgs

24. So what is Kennel cough?
Respiratory condition caused by a virus or bacteria
VIRUSES:
Canine Adenovirus-2, Parainfluenza, Canine herpesvirus, Canine Influenza, canine distemper virus
BACTERIA: mycoplasma, bordetella bronchiseptica, streptococcus sp.
Can be caused by any of these, mainly Bord bacteria.

25. Clinical signs: runny nose Hacking cough sneezing lethargy
loss of appetite
low fever
The cough is one of a kind.

26. DIAGNOSTICS: Based on physical exam, clinical signs and history
Virus isolation from swabs of the pharynx, nasal passageways, trachea can help determine which virus and/or bacteria is the cause
Thoracic radiographs if pneumonia suspected
Virus or bacteria, you will treat based on that. Usually just antibiotics for secondary and cough tabs.

27. Kennel cough:

28. TREATMENT Adequate hydration Antibiotics
Antitussives (cough suppressants)
Hycodan (hydrocodone)
Butorphanol
Cough Tabs (dextromethorphan, guaifenesin)

29. PROGNOSIS & CLIENT INFORMATION
Transmission of these organisms is by inhalation of respiratory droplets or contact with fomites
The prognosis is good with proper treatment
It is a self-limiting disease
May take 2-3 weeks to resolve
Injectable Bordetella vaccine requires 2 doses at least 3 weeks apart
If using the intranasal vaccine, 2-3 days prior to exposure is recommended
Oral Bordetella is available as well

30. PREVENTION Isolate infected animals Vaccinate appropriately
Most routine disinfectants, bleach, quarternary ammonium compounds will kill these viruses and bacteria
Proper sanitation

31. NOTE: CANINE HEPATITIS
Caused by Canine Adenovirus-1 (CAV-1)
The vaccine for CAV-2 (a respiratory virus) will cross- protect against canine hepatitis.
Hepatitis is uncommon due to thorough vaccination programs.
The disease causes hepatic necrosis in affected dogs
Treatment is supportive
The virus is spread in the feces, urine, blood, saliva, and nasal discharge of infected dogs

32. DHPP vaccine broken down:
D: distemper
H: hepatitis/Adenovirus
P: parainfluenza
P: parvo
Leptospirosis can be added in as well(DHLPP)
Vaccine video (DOVE 6 minutes)
Administering vaccines (DOVE 4minutes)