1. THE REFERENCE ACCENTS; RP-GenAm
RP: received, generally accepted, standard, BBC, Southern British accent, Sb who uses it has ‘no accent’ , England, Wales but NOT Scotland
Georgraphically: RP: England, not a specific locality , educated , upper/upper-middle class
Occupations: barrister, stockbrokers, diplomats . Its speakers speak RP as of childhood, they went to public schools
Till 70s: RP was demanded in BBC

2. HOW MANY BRITISH SPEAK RP?
In Wells ‘ (1980): less than 10%
Nowadays: about 5-8%
After the loosening of social stratification: by the end of the 20th century: “everybody will speak English with an accent” (Wells, 1980, vol 1, p 118).

3. Gen AM In the USA: no equivalent to RP
It’s morphology, syntax that people often make stereotypical judgments
Except: South, East< N.York: localizable, non-standard
Gen Am: 2/3 of the Am population who do NOT have a recognizably local accent : Ohio, Middle West, on to the Pacific Coast BUT NOT
A uniform accent

4. RP accent

5. The triangle of RP

7. THE RP VOWEL SYSTEM
In checked/closed syllables: ɪ ʊ e ᴂ ʌ ɒ In open/free syllables: i: u: ɪə ʊə eɪ ɔɪ eə ɜ: ɔ: aɪ a: except /ə/: 19 vowels-diphthongs

8. RP LEXICAL SETS KIT /ɪ/ FLEECE /i:/ NEAR /ɪə/
DRESS /e/ FACE /eɪ/ SQUARE /eə/
TRAP /ᴂ/ PALM /ɑ:/ START /ɑ:/
LOT /ɒ/ THOUGHT /ɔ:/ NORTH /ɔ:/
STRUT /ʌ/ GOAT /əʊ/ FORCE /ɔ:/
FOOT /ʊ/ GOOSE /ʊ/ CURE /ʊə/
BATH /ɑ:/ PRICE /aɪ/ HAPPY /ɪ/ =/i/=/i:/
NURSE /ɜ:/ MOUTH /ɜ:/ LETTER /ə/

9. Gen Am Vowels
ɪ ʊ i u ɛ ʌ eɪ ɔɪ o ɜ ɔ ᴂ aɪ ɑ excluding /ə/, /ɚ/: 15 vowels What are the main characteristics of Gen Am??

10. MAIN FEATURES OF Gen Am Duration: not much important, varies
Free, checked vowels may assume diphthongical position: e.g., /i/→/ɪi/,/e/→/eɪ/ , /u/→/ʊu/, /o/→/oʊ/,/i/→/ɪə/ (e.g., /hil/→/hɪəl/
r colour/color:/ɜ+r/→/ɝ/=/ɚ/ e.g., NURSE

11. Gen Am Vowels in Lexical Sets
KIT /ɪ/ FLEECE /i/ NEAR /ɪr/ DRESS /ɛ/ FACE /eɪ/ SQUARE /ɛr/ TRAP /ᴂ/ PALM /ɑ/ START /ɑr/ LOT /ɑ/ THOUGHT /ɔ/ NORTH /ɔr/ STRUT /ʌ/ GOAT /o/,/oʊ/ FORCE /or/ FOOT /ʌ/ GOOSE /u/ CURE /ʊr/ BATH /ᴂ/ PRICE /aɪ/ HAPPY /ɪ/=/i/ CLOTH /ɔ/ CHOICE /ɔɪ/ LETTER /ɚ/ NURSE /ɝ/ MOUTH /aʊ/ COMMA /ə/ COMPARISON??

12. COMPARISON BTWN RP AND Gen Am
Many similarities (i:/i, aɪ, etc) In other cases, not a one-to-one correspondence: e.g., ‘stop’, ‘dodge’, ‘romp’ In RP: /ɒ/ but in Gen Am: /ɑ/ but in ‘cough’, ‘gone’, ‘Boston’: Gen Am:/ɔ/ RP : a systemic contrast /ɒ/vs /ɑ:/ which Gen Am lacks RP: /ɑ:/ in Gen Am: /ᴂ/ RP: centring diphthongs

13. RP VS Gen Am Consonants
Plosives, Affricates : p, t, k, b, d, g, tʃ, dʒ
Fricatives: f, v, ɵ, ᵭ, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h
Nasals: m, n, ŋ
Approximants, Liquids: w, j, l, r
Conclusions from the consonant chart??

14. RP vs Gen Am Consonants The same phonemes, no systemic differences
BUT in phonetic realization:
/l/: darker, more velarised in Gen Am e.g., [ʤɛɬi], [pɪɬo], etc
Rule?
/t/→[ɾ]/ [V+stess]-V writer, putting
In phonotactics:/r/: widely distributed rule?
e.g., Far, farm, etc

15. Differences btw RP vs Gen Am consonants
In clusters: /hw/: still possible ‘which’, ‘where’ :/hwɪʧ/, /hwɛr/
/tj/, /dj/, /nj/: lacked by many Am speakers:
‘mature’, ‘during’, ‘nuclear’
RP: /məˈtjʊə/, /ˈdjʊərɪŋ/, /nju:klɪə/
Gen Am/məˈtʊr/, /ˈdʊrɪŋ/, /ˈnʊklɪɚ/

16. Other lexical differences btwn RP-Gen Am
/ədˈvɜ:tɪsmənt/ /ˈᴂdvɚtaɪzmənt/
/ˈᴂnti/ /ˈᴂntaɪ/
/et/ /eɪt/
/ˈbᴂleɪ/ /bəˈleɪ/
/kla:k/ /klɝk/
/ˈʃedju:l/ /ˈskɛʤʊl/ in stress:
/əˈdres/ /ˈᴂdrɛs/
Strong forms ‘of’, ‘from’, ‘was’:
/ə/ /ʌ/