1. Chondrichthyes: sharks, skates, rays and chimeras Craig Kasper, Ph. D
Chondrichthyes: sharks, skates, rays and chimeras Craig Kasper, Ph. D. Zoology Chapter 12
What’s a chimera??

2. Sharks: the beginning…or the end??
Existence of elasmobranchs with little change is a testament to their evolutionary success and durability
Appear in fossil record in late Devonian, 500 mybp (perhaps earlier)
Last class of fishes to appear in fossil record
Elasmobranch…
plate or strap gill

3. Classification of Chondrichthyes
Class Chondrichthyes (~850 spp.)
Subclass Elasmobranchi (~820 spp.)
sharks, skates and rays
Subclass Holocephali (~30 spp.)
chimaeras, ratfishes

4. Distinguishing Elasmobranch Traits
cartilaginous skeleton
absence of swim bladder
heterocercal tail
placoid denticles - scales and teeth
spiracle present with 5-7 gill slits (no operculum)
urea retained for osmoregulation
spiral valve in intestine
males have clasper organs for internal fertilization
embryonic development with physiological care
oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous
jaw hyostylic (single connection of upper jaw to neurocranium - adds protrusibility) or amphistylic (two connection points - anterior and posterior)
teeth in rows, are constantly replaced
eyes small

5. Holocephali: traits
jaw holostylic (= autostylic = fused to neurocranium)
spiracle absent; gills covered by single operculum
all oviparous
cloaca lacking - separate urogenital pore
skin lacking scales; placoid spines
males with head claspers
teeth are plate-like, non-deciduous
eyes large

6. Chondrichthian success story?
Buoyancy control: fatty liver, no swim bladder and no energy required
Swimming adaptations: rigid fins instead of rays
Body covering: placoid scales, reduce drag (see Helfman, fig. 12.3)
Osmoregulation adaptations
Reproductive adaptations: self-sufficient young
Feeding adaptations
Sensory system: tapetum lucetum, ampullae of Lorenzini
Respiration effectiveness
Hey, if it ain’t broke…

7. Elasmobranch classification
Superorder Galeomorphi
large, pelagic predators, blade-like teeth
Heterodontiformes - horn sharks
Orectolobiformes - nurse sharks, whale sharks
Lamniformes - mackerel, mako, white sharks
Carcharhiniformes - requiem sharks (blacktip, whitetip, reef, bull), tiger sharks, basking sharks

8. Elasmobranch classification
Carcharhiniformes - requiem sharks (ground sharks) (blacktip, whitetip, reef, bull), tiger sharks, basking sharks
Ground sharks feature an anal fin, two dorsal fins, an elongated snout, and a long mouth that reaches behind the eyes, with teeth ranging from small and cuspidate to large and bladelike. They have a third eyelid as well.

9. Heterodontiformes - horn sharks

10. Orectolobiformes - whale sharks
Rhincodon typus

11. Orectolobiformes - whale sharks
Rhincodon typus

12. Orectolobiformes –
nurse sharks
Ginglymostoma cirratum

13. Lamniformes - mackerel, mako, white sharks
Great White
Mako
Isurus oxyrinchus
Mako
Great White, Carcharodon carcharias

14. Carcharhiniformes - requiem sharks (blacktip)
Carcharhinus limbatus
blacktip shark

15. Carcharhiniformes - requiem sharks (whitetip)
Triaenodon obesus

16. Carchariniformes – bull sharks
Carcharhinus leucas
copyright FLMNH

17. Carchariniformes – tiger sharks
Galeocerdo cuvier
© George Burgess

18. Carchariniformes – basking sharks
Cetorhinus maximus

19. Superorder Squatinomorphi Squatiniformes-angel sharks
bottom-oriented, enlarged pelvic fins, spike-like teeth
Atlantic Angel Shark, Squatina dumeril

20. Superorder Squalomorphi
smaller, pelagic and benthic sharks, feed on smaller prey, some with pointed teeth, some with pavement teeth
Squaliformes - dogfish sharks
Hexanchiformes - six & seven-gill sharks (cow sharks)
Pristiophoriformes - saw sharks

21. Squaliformes dogfish sharks Spiny dogfish-Squalus acanthus
Adipose spine

22. Hexanchiformes - six & seven-gill sharks (cow sharks)
Sevengill Shark Heptranchias perlo
Hexanchiformes - six & seven-gill sharks (cow sharks)

23. Pristiophoriformes - saw sharks

24. Superorder Batoidea (Rajimorphi)
benthic or pelagic; pectoral fins enlarged, fused with head; gill slits ventral; spiracle large; pavement teeth
Myliobatiformes - sting rays, eagle & manta rays, butterfly rays
Rajiformes - skates
Torpediniformes - electric rays

25. Myliobatiformes - sting rays
eagle & manta rays
butterfly rays

26. Rajiformes - skates

27. Skate or Ray...what’s the difference?
Skates (order Rajiformes)
pelvic fin divided into two lobes 
stocky tail w/o stinging spine 
enlarged, thorn-like scales ('bucklers') along the midline of back
males have rows of enlarged scales near the eyes and wingtips
Rays (order Myliobatiformes):
one-lobed pelvic fin 
whip-like tail, usually with stinging spine 
no bucklers along back or tail 

28. Pristiformes - sawfishes

29. Torpediniformes - electric rays

30. Spotted ratfish Hydrolagus colliei
Family: chimaeridae
Identification: Broad, flat, duckbill shaped snout containing incisor shaped teeth. Prominent, venomous spine at leading edge of  dorsal fin. Tapering tail constitutes almost half overall length. Coloration  brown or grey with white spots. Skin smooth and scaleless. Can give off an iridescent, silvery sheen.  Fins grey or dark.
Size: up to 97cm in length.

31. More Ratfish!