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How important is gambling in national GDP: case study from Austria, Croatia, Italy and Slovenia
ANDREJ RASPOR , PhD, Assistant Professor School of Advanced Social Studies IVA BULATOVIĆ, PhD, Assistant Professor ANA STRANJANČEVIĆ, PhD, Assistant Professor DARKO LACMANOVIĆ, Full Professor University Mediterranean Faculty for tourism Montenegro Tourism School
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Introduction The situation in the field of gambling is changing due to the rise of Internet and Mobile gambling. In general gambling consumption is increasing every year, but the distribution of consumption has radically changed from Land Based gambling to Remote gambling. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the world gambling industry and a specific overview in Austria, Croatia, Italy and Slovenia in order to find some main similarities and differences in observed period.
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Introduction Three central arguments made in this article are:
(1) Gambling is an important industry in both the tourism and entertainment. (2) Comparison of development in two Countries with long capitalist tradition and two Post-Communist Countries. (3) Countries benefit greatly from gambling as gambling revenues represent a significant part of GDP. The main research question How important is gambling for the involved countries and what proportion of the national GDP does the gambling revenue account for?
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Methodology
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World Revenue from gambling and betting and GDP (billion USD)
Year Revenue from gambling and betting GDP Gambling and betting in GDP Basic gambling Income Index (2001) Basic index of gambling revenues in GDP (2001) 2001 220 33,336 0.66% 1.00 2002 235 34,612 0.68% 1.07 1.03 2003 265 38,867 1.20 2004 300 43,771 0.69% 1.36 1.04 2005 310 47,386 0.65% 1.41 0.99 2006 325 51,307 0.63% 1.48 0.96 2007 355 57,793 0.61% 1.61 0.93 2008 370 63,386 0.58% 1.68 0.88 2009 60,087 0.62% 2010 385 65,906 1.75 0.89 2011 430 73,242 0.59% 1.95 2012 440 74,802 2.00 2013 445 76,925 2.02 2014 78,870 0.56% 0.85 2015 74,510 0.87 2016 450 75,544 0.60% 2.05 0.90 Average 361 59,396
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Austria Revenue from gambling and betting and GDP (million EUR)
Year Revenue from gambling and betting GDP Gambling and betting in GDP Basic gambling Income Index (2001) Basic index of gambling revenues in GDP (2001) 2001 1,237 220,096 0.56% 1.00 2002 1,182 226,303 0.52% 0.96 0.93 2003 1,161 230,999 0.50% 0.94 0.89 2004 1,175 241,505 0.49% 0.95 0.87 2005 1,172 253,009 0.46% 0.82 2006 1,174 266,478 0.44% 0.78 2007 1,125 282,347 0.40% 0.91 0.71 2008 1,201 291,930 0.41% 0.97 0.73 2009 1,263 286,188 1.02 0.79 2010 1,198 294,628 0.72 2011 1,374 308,630 0.45% 1.11 2012 1,324 317,117 0.42% 1.07 0.74 2013 1,271 322,539 0.39% 1.03 0.70 2014 1,305 330,418 1.05 2015 1,517 339,896 1.23 2016 1,610 349,344 1.30 Average 1,268 285,089
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Croatia Revenue from gambling and betting and GDP (million EUR)
Year Number of company Employees Revenue from gambling and betting GDP Gambling and betting in GDP Basic gambling Income Index (2001) Basic index of gambling revenues in GDP (2001) 2001 70 1,941 89 25,965 0.34% 1.00 2002 75 2,622 144 28,542 0.50% 1.62 1.47 2003 77 3,463 171 30,703 0.56% 1.93 1.63 2004 4,368 221 33,465 0.66% 2.48 2005 72 5,397 283 36,508 0.78% 3.19 2.27 2006 74 5,761 203 40,198 0.51% 2.29 1.48 2007 85 6,503 288 43,926 0.65% 3.24 1.91 2008 99 7,664 362 48,130 0.75% 4.07 2.20 2009 88 6,397 276 45,091 0.61% 3.10 1.79 2010 92 6,644 261 45,004 0.58% 2.94 1.70 2011 91 6,525 44,709 3.25 1.89 2012 76 5,598 243 43,934 0.55% 2.74 2013 78 6,070 306 43,487 0.70% 3.45 2.06 2014 82 5,869 317 42,978 0.74% 3.57 2.16 2015 73 5,254 269 44,068 3.02 1.78 2016 68 6,060 354 45,819 0.77% 3.98 2.26 Average 80 5,384 255 40,158 0.62%
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Italy Revenue from gambling and betting and GDP (million EUR)
Year Revenue from gambling and betting GDP Gambling and betting in GDP Basic gambling Income Index (2001) Basic index of gambling revenues in GDP (2001) 2001 14,515 1,298,890 1.12% 1.00 2002 15,600 1,345,794 1.16% 1.07 1.04 2003 15,492 1,390,710 1.11% 2004 24,786 1,448,363 1.71% 1.71 1.53 2005 28,487 1,489,726 1.91% 1.96 2006 35,243 1,548,473 2.28% 2.43 2.04 2007 42,193 1,609,551 2.62% 2.91 2.35 2008 47,554 1,632,151 2.91% 3.28 2.61 2009 54,410 1,572,878 3.46% 3.75 3.10 2010 61,400 1,604,515 3.83% 4.23 3.42 2011 79,900 1,637,463 4.88% 5.50 4.37 2012 88,600 1,613,265 5.49% 6.10 4.91 2013 84,600 1,604,599 5.27% 5.83 4.72 2014 84,500 1,621,827 5.21% 5.82 4.66 2015 88,200 1,645,439 5.36% 6.08 4.80 2016 95,000 1,672,438 5.68% 6.54 5.08 Average 53,780 1,546,005 3.38%
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Slovenia Revenue from gambling and betting and GDP (million EUR)
Year Number of company Employees Revenue from gambling and betting GDP Gambling and betting in GDP Basic gambling Income Index (2001) Basic index of gambling revenues in GDP (2001) 2001 1,908 281 23,333 1.20% 1.00 2002 1,913 289 25,023 1.16% 1.03 0.96 2003 1,991 284 26,319 1.08% 1.01 0.90 2004 47 2,182 338 27,763 1.22% 1.20 2005 48 2,375 369 29,227 1.26% 1.32 1.05 2006 45 2,474 400 31,561 1.27% 1.42 2007 49 2,840 417 35,153 1.19% 1.49 0.99 2008 52 2,860 418 37,951 1.10% 0.92 2009 55 2,800 392 36,166 1.40 2010 57 2,526 363 36,252 1.00% 1.29 0.83 2011 2,407 360 36,896 0.97% 1.28 0.81 2012 54 2,263 340 35,988 0.94% 1.21 0.79 2013 2,155 309 35,907 0.86% 1.10 0.72 2014 51 2,123 295 37,303 0.79% 0.66 2015 2,154 303 38,543 0.78% 1.08 0.65 2016 46 2,299 306 39,769 0.77% 1.09 0.64 Average 50 2,329 341 33,322 1.04%
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World Revenue from gambling and betting and GDP (billion USD)
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Gambling revenue (index 2001 – 2027)
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Gambling in GDP (index 2001 – 2027)
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Orientation of gambling
Croatia Austria Italy Slovenia Land-based Casinos Betting Shops/Off Track Betting L Bingo L/F Card Rooms/Poker Casinos F Lotteries Racing Slot Machines Tribal Gaming (only in USA) Online Casinos Online Betting Online Bingo Online Casino Online Lotteries Online Poker Online Racing/Advance-Deposit Wagering
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Conclusion The pattern shown here is that the share of gambling revenues in GDP is increasing in those countries where the gambling is locally oriented. The results of the research can be applied in different fields. For example, knowing the revenue from gambling and betting is of great importance for several reasons. First of all, the governmental sector can calculate the share in GDP and the revenue from taxes which will get into the state budget. Secondly, analysing the data of Gambling revenues is useful for companies (gaming operators) for predicting probable future consumption to plan the technological cycles and budget costs.
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Limitations and future research directions
The paper has certain acknowledgeable limitations and offers some directions for future research. Lack of certain data points to a limited scope of our analysis which prevents presenting detailed findings. All data was collected from secondary sources with all limitations in that sense. There were no prior research studies on this topic which means some findings couldn’t be compared with similar ones to find out whether there are inconsistencies. This study, as applicative research, defines some of the opportunities for future research in terms of the new aspect concerning the subject. It would be interesting to observe some economic impact of gambling on observed countries’ economies in a few categories such as investment, employment and foreign trade.
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