1. POST-ROMAN NORTHERN BRITAIN

2. The Celtic tribes of the Roman Iron Age according to Ptolemy’s map
Probably based upon observations made during the Flavian invasions of the late 1st century AD

3. Roman Britannia

4. Northern Britain according to Cassius Dio
Severan invasions, early 3rd century AD
Later Roman period
Appears to show amalgamation of tribes

5. Northern Britain in the mid-6th century AD
Post-Roman period
British kingdom in Strathclyde, Gododdin (Lothians – descendants of Votadini), Rheged (Cumbria/Galloway)
Gaels/Scots have moved from Northern Ireland into Dal Riata (Argyll)
Picts are in north and east
Angles have arrived from northern Germany and are settling in Northumbria (Bernicia and Deira)

7. Northern Britain in the 10th century
Settlement of Vikings from Scandinavia in north and west – Northern Isles, Western Isles, Caithness, Sutherland
Mixed population in Galloway
Creation of Alba – Gaelic-speaking Scottish kingdom, based in former Pictland

8. Viking Britain

9. Place-names in Scotland
Reflect the languages spoken by inhabitants of different parts of Scotland in the post-Roman era:
Britonnic/Cumbric (P-Celtic) – cair (fort) e.g. Cramond, Carlisle
Pictish (P-Celtic) – pit (share) e.g. Pitlochry; aber (confluence of rivers) e.g. Aberdeen
Gaelic (Q-Celtic) – cill (church) e.g. Kildonan; inver (confluence of rivers) e.g. Inverness
Anglian (Old English) – ham (settlement) e.g. Coldingham; tun (enclosure) e.g. Haddington
Norse – dale (valley) e.g. Helmsdale; vik (bay) e.g. Lerwick