1. Chapter 32: The World Since 1945: An Overview (1945–Present)

2. SECTION 1: The Changing Political Climate
How did the end of colonialism and the Cold War shape the world?
How did new nations try to form stable governments?
What role have world organizations played?
What enduring issues face the world today?

3. Origins of the Cold War Former Allies Clash
The U.S. and the Soviet Union emerge from WWII as two “Superpowers” with vastly different political & economic systems.
Former Allies Clash
-Besides their incompatible systems, the U.S. was furious at Stalin’s relationship with Hitler.
-The U.S. & the Soviets became more suspicious of each other during the war.
-Relations worsened after Stalin learned about the secret development of the A-bomb.

4. Cold War’s tense moments
Berlin Crisis Formation of West Germany 1949 Formation of NATO 1949 Rearming of West Germany 1955 Formation of Warsaw Pact 1955

6. America responds to fears of Soviet expansion
President Truman Adopts a Policy of Containment
a policy of containment (preventing extension of communist rule to other countries).
The Truman Doctrine
-March Truman asked congress for $400 million in economic & military aid for Greece & Turkey to prevent communist takeover.
-Truman Doctrine: giving aid to nations attempting to resist communist takeovers.

7. America responds to fears of Soviet expansion
The Marshall Plan
-June Sec. of State George Marshall proposed that the U.S. provide aid to all European nations that needed it.
-For the next 4 years, 16 countries received $13 billion in aid.
-By 1952, Western Europe was flourishing, and the communist party had lost much of its appeal to voters.

8. The Cold War gets hot North Korea Attacks South Korea
June 1950: North Korean forces swept across the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea starting the Korean War.
South Korea called on the UN to stop North Korea.
When it came to a vote, the Soviet Union was absent.
Boycotting the council in protest over U.S. support of Nationalist China (Taiwan).
So, the vote passed.

9. -At first, North Korea seemed unstoppable.
The U.S. Fights in Korea
-At first, North Korea seemed unstoppable.
-MacArthur launched counter attack that drove them back across the 38th parallel. 
The Chinese Fight Back
-November 1950: 300,000 Chinese troops joined on the side of North Korea.
-Wanted North Korea as a communist buffer state.
-Chinese troops outnumbered UN forces.
-For 2 years, the two sides fought but neither was able to make important advances.

10. Vietnam
After WWII, France reclaims its colonies in SE Asia. A communist guerrilla movement led by Ho Chi Minh defeated the French in the 1950’s Vietnam is divided at that 17th parallel. Communist North Democratic South

11. Vietnam cont’d
The USSR supports the north. The U.S. supports the South A communist insurgency develops in the south Vietcong The Vietcong’s goal is to drive foreigners from the south Have support of the North

12. Vietnam cont’d
The U.S. began sending military advisors to the south in the 1950’s Domino Theory: If one country falls to the communists, nearby countries could also fall to the communists As the situation deteriorated in the south, President Johnson orders combat troops to Vietnam in By 1968 there are over 500,000 American troops in Vietnam

13. Vietnam Cont’d
The American strategy is one of attrition (kill more of them than they kill of you) Search and Destroy… Gradual escalation…

14. on military and political targets in the south
Vietnam cont’d
Tet offensive
The Vietcong in concert with the North Vietnamese army launch a massive assault
on military and political targets in the south
Militarily, the Vietcong are defeated, however
the attack confirms to many that the U.S.
can’t win the war

15. Vietnam cont’d
By 1969 it is clear that the U.S. can’t win and a gradual withdrawal of troops begins By 1973 nearly all American combat troops have withdrawn from Vietnam Saigon (Capital of the south) falls to the North Vietnamese army in 1975

16. The Cold War and the End of Colonialism
In the postwar decades, the colonial empires built by the western powers crumbled. In Asia and Africa, people demanded and won freedoms. Between 1950 and 1980, more than 50 new nations emerged in Africa alone. The new nations emerged in a world dominated and divided by the Cold War. Each of the superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, wanted new countries to adopt its ideology, or system of thought or belief—either capitalism or socialism.

17. The Great Liberation and the Cold War, 1945 – 1990

18. How Did New Nations Seek Stability?
After winning independence, new nations had high hopes for the future. Still, they faced immense problems. New nations wrote constitutions modeled on western democracies. Most were unable to sustain democratic rule. As problems multiplied, military or authoritarian leaders often took control. They imposed order by building one-party dictatorships. Despite setbacks, in the 1980s and 1990s democracy did make progress in some African, Asian, and Latin American nations. Africa: States of independence - the scramble for Africa - YouTube

19. The Role of World Organizations
International organizations deal with issues of global concern. The UN was set up as a forum for settling world disputes. Its responsibilities have expanded greatly since UN agencies provide services for millions of people worldwide. Many nations formed regional groups to promote trade or meet common needs. Examples include the European Union and the North American Free Trade Association. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) play a large role in the world economy. Other types of nongovernmental organizations have forged valuable global networks. Examples include the International Olympic Committee and the International Red Cross.

20. DEADLY WEAPONS HUMAN RIGHTS TERRORISM
Global Issues 1
Many issues pose a challenge to world peace.
DEADLY WEAPONS
HUMAN RIGHTS
Since the United States exploded two atomic bombs in 1945, nations have poured resources into building nuclear weapons.
Human rights include “the right to life, liberty, and security of person.” Human rights abuses, including torture and arbitrary arrest, still occur around the world.
THE QUESTION OF INTERVENTION
TERRORISM
Does the world community have a
duty to step in to end human rights
abuses? Can it intervene when the UN Charter forbids any action that violates the independence of a member nation?
Since the 1960s, incidents of terrorism have increased around the world.

21. SECTION 2: Global Economic Trends
In what ways are the global North and South economically interdependent?
Why have developing nations had trouble reaching their goals?
How is economic development linked to the environment?

22. The Global North and South
An economic gulf divides the world into two spheres — the relatively rich nations of the global North and the relatively poor nations of the global South.
GLOBAL NORTH
GLOBAL SOUTH
It includes the industrial nations of Europe and North America, as well as Japan and Australia. Although pockets of poverty exist, the standard of living is generally high. Most people are literate, earn adequate wages, and have basic health services. Most nations have basically capitalist economies.
It refers to the developing world. The South has 75 percent of the world’s population and much of its natural resources. While some nations have enjoyed strong growth, overall the global South remains underdeveloped and poor. For most people, life is a daily struggle for survival.

23. Economic Interdependence
Rich and poor nations are linked by many economic ties.
The nations of the global North control much of the world’s capital, trade, and technology.
The global North depends on low-paid workers in developing states to produce manufactured goods as inexpensively as possible.
In an interdependent world, events in one country can affect people everywhere.
EXAMPLE: In 1973, a political crisis led the oil-rich nations of the Middle East to halt oil exports and raise oil prices. These actions sent economic shock waves around the world.

24. Obstacles to Development2
Why have many developing nations been unable to make progress toward modernization?
GEOGRAPHY
Lack of natural resources, difficult climates, uncertain rainfall, and lack of good farmland have been obstacles for some nations.
POPULATION AND POVERTY
In the developing world, rapid population growth is linked to poverty.
ECONOMIC POLICIES
Many new nations saw socialism, rather than capitalism, as a way to modernize quickly. In the long run, socialism blocked economic growth.
ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE
Most new nations remained dependent on their former
colonial rulers.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY
Political unrest often hindered economic development.

25. Development and the Environment2
Economic development has taken a heavy toll on the environment. Modern industry and agriculture have gobbled up natural resources and polluted much of the world’s water, air, and soil.
Strip mining destroyed much land.
Chemical pesticides and fertilizers harmed the soil and water.
Gases from factories produced acid rain.
The emission of gases into the upper atmosphere has caused global warming, the increase in world temperatures.
Rich nations consume most of the world’s resources and produce much of its pollution. At the same time, they have led the campaign to protect the environment.

26. SECTION 3: Changing Patterns of Life
How are new ways of life replacing old ways?
How has modernization affected the lives of women?
What are the benefits and limits of modern science and technology?
What forces have shaped a new global culture?

27. How Are New Ways of Life Replacing Old Ways?3
Urbanization Since 1945, people in the developing world have flocked to the cities to find jobs and escape rural poverty. In the cities, the extended family of rural villages is giving way to the nuclear family. Westernization In cities, people frequently adopt western fashions and ideas. Village Life Westernization and technology are transforming villages. Changes such as roads, clinics, and television can enrich life, but they also weaken traditional cultures.

28. New Rights and Roles for Women
After 1945, women’s movements brought changes to both western and developing nations.
By 1950, women had won the right to vote in many countries.
A small number of women won elected office.
In the industrialized world, more and more women worked outside the home.
By the 1970s, the feminist movement sought greater access for women to jobs and promotions, equal pay for equal work, and an end to sexual harassment on the job.
In emerging nations, women worked actively in nationalist struggles.
New roles for women raised difficult social issues. Working women had to balance jobs with child rearing and household work.

29. Science and Technology
Since 1945, technology has transformed human life and thought.
BENEFITS
DRAWBACKS
The computer brought an information revolution. Technology has improved life for people everywhere. Medical advances have wiped out some diseases and prevented others. New technology increased food production for the world’s growing population.
Technology has not been able to solve such basic problems as hunger or poverty. Technology widened the gap between the global North and South. Technology has threatened many kinds of jobs. For example, one computer can process thousands of telephone calls that were once handled by human operators.

30. A New Global Culture
Modern communication technology has put people everywhere in touch and has helped create a new global culture.
The driving force behind this global culture has been the United States. American fashions, products, and entertainment have captured the world’s imagination.
The western world has also been influenced by nonwestern traditions and culture.
In the last 100 years, the western world has gained a new appreciation for the arts of other civilizations.