1. Conclusions/Future Directions
Bullying Trends in the United States: A Meta-Regression
Reeve Kennedy MSW, MA, Department of Sociology, University of New Hampshire,
Methods
Results
Introduction
Significant Face-to-Face (FTF) Bullying Victimization
Trends (p<.05+)
FTF bullying victimization significantly decreasing for males, increasing for females (only when controlling for grade)
Younger adolescents experience more bullying than older adolescents
Trends vary by grade, gender, and grade x gender
Cyberbullying increasing over time
FTF bullying perpetration, verbal bullying and physical bullying all decreasing over time
Wording of questions, time frame, grade, sample type, sample location, aspects of bullying definition all significantly impact reported rates of bullying from study to study
Systematic search
Pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria based on previous literature
Data extraction
Intra-Rater Reliability check
Findings from multiple studies show varying trends for bullying in the US, with some showing a decline and others showing no change
Inconsistent rates from study to study, even for the same year
Studies consistently show cyberbullying is on the rise
Possible variation by gender and age
Studies show bullying among males might be declining, while bullying among females might be increasing
Variation in rates by age – higher rates among younger adolescents
Flow Diagram
Conclusions/Future Directions
Bullying Subtype Significant Trends (p<.05+)
More research needs to explore why bullying is decreasing among males and increasing among females
Consistent trends regarding grade/age can guide implementation of prevention programs
The influence of methodological and survey features need to be taken into consideration when designing studies and when making comparisons across studies
Analysis
Objectives
Meta-Regressions:
Random Effects Models, Restricted Maximum Likelihood, Knapp Hartung
Univariate meta-regressions to determine significance of covariates
Multivariate meta-regression by bullying type - rates per year
Multivariate meta-regression for each bullying type per year - Subgroups by Gender and Grade
Identify factors that help explain variations in trends of bullying involvement
Establish the trends of bullying behaviors over the past 20 years
FTF bullying victimization & perpetration, cyberbullying, verbal bullying, physical bullying, relational bullying
Determine differences by gender and grade
References
Chester, Kayleigh L. et al “Cross-National Time Trends in Bullying Victimization in 33 Countries among Children Aged 11, 13, and 15 from 2002 to 2010.” European Journal of Public Health, 25:
Perlus, Jessamyn G., Ashley Brooks-Russell, Jing Wang, and Ronald J. Iannotti “Trends in Bullying, Physical Fighting, and Weapon Carrying Among 6th- through 10th-grade Students from 1998 to 2010: Findings from a National Study.” American Journal of Public Health, 104: doi: /AJPH
Rajan, Sonali, Rachel Namdar, and Kelly V. Ruggles “Aggressive and Violent Behaviors in the School Environment Among a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescent Youth.” Journal of School Health, 85:
Schneider, Shari Kessel, Lydia O’Donnell, and Erin Smith “Trends in Cyberbullying and School Bullying Victimization in a Regional Census of High School Students.” Journal of School Health, 85:
Shetgiri, Rashmi, Hua Lin, and Glenn Flores “Trends in Risk and Protective Factors for Child Bullying Perpetration in the United States.” Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 44: DOI /s

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