1. World War II

2. American Foreign Policy - 1920s & 1930s - Isolationism to Neutrality
League of Nations
Washington Naval Conference – 1921
Agreement to not build battleships
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Peace treaty signed by 62 nations
Immigration Acts (1921 & 1924)
Tariffs
Neutrality Acts
1935 – arms embargo against countries at war
1939 – “cash and carry”
foreign countries at war had bring own ships and pay in cash to get American goods

3. FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy
all nations in the Western Hemisphere united against foreign aggressions
Policy of cooperation between US and Latin American countries
Continuation of:
Monroe Doctrine
Roosevelt Corollary

4. Rise of Aggressor States

5. Japan 1931 – invasion of Manchuria
1934 – ended Washington Naval Treaty
Quit the League of Nations
Joined the Axis Powers
1937 – Invaded China
Nanking Massacres – Dec. 13 – Jan (“Rape of Nanking”)

6. Italy Fascism Benito Mussolini and the Black Shirts
Took Italy in 1922
1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis formed
1936 – Invasion of Ethiopia

7. Germany Economic depression following WW I Hitler and the Nazi Party
National Socialist Party
Germany’s problems caused by the Jews
Third Reich – new “pure” nation of superior Aryans

8. 1936 – took the Rhineland
1938 – took Austria
1938 – Sudetenland taken after Munich conference with France and Britain
1939 – rest of Czechoslovakia taken

9. Nonaggression Pact
agreement between Hitler (Germany) and Stalin (USSR)
Poland would be invaded and split between the two

10. Spain Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Francisco Franco
Assisted by
Germany, Italy, and USSR
Abraham Lincoln Brigade

11. Appeasement – allowed Germany to take parts of Europe in order to keep world peace

12. Invasion of Poland Sept. 1, 1939
Britain and France declared war on Germany

13. Germany invaded USSR – June 1941
Broke Non-aggression Pact
USSR joins Allies

15. US Response to War Selective Service and Training Act (Sept 1940)
First peacetime draft

16. Destroyers for Bases September 1940
British traded military locations for 50 American navy ships
British desperate

17. “Great Arsenal of Democracy” December 1940
Lend-Lease Act ended cash and carry system; US would provide war supplies to democratic nations (Great Britain)

18. Atlantic Charter - August 1941
Churchill and FDR met secretly off Newfoundland
Agreements:
No territorial gains
Self-government will be restored
Ease trade restrictions
Freedom of the seas
World peace

19. Japan refused to leave China
US Retaliation
US stopped exporting steel, iron, and oil until Japanese left China
Japan was in violation of Open Door Policy

20. Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941

21. Doolittle Raid

22. Government Intervention
Office of Price Administration
Rationing
Froze prices on consumer items, salaries, rent
War Production Board (1942)
Management of wartime industries, controlled raw materials

23. African Americans Over 1 million served in military Industrial jobs
Race riots
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) – James Farmer
Tuskegee Airmen

24. Hispanics Over 300,000 served in the war
Migrant workers replaced some of the farm labor and factory work left during the war
1943 – anti-Hispanic riots in California (the “Zoot Suit Riots”), US servicemen vs. Latino youth

25. Japanese Americans
Executive Order 9066 – FDR ordered certain areas of the US would be military zones, deportation began
Internment camps – 120,000+ sent away for up to 4 years (last one closed in March 1946)
Korematsu vs. U.S. (1944)

26. Role of Women Almost 5 million women in industrial jobs
200,000 joined the army in non-combat roles – Women’s Army Corps
Rosie the Riveter

27. Battle of the Atlantic

28. U-boat Threat Operation Drumbeat (Paukenschlag)
1942 – U.S. east coast, hundreds of attacks mostly between January 18 and July 19
397 ships were sunk and up to 5,000 killed just along the coast
US tanker – Dixie Arrow (March 26, 1942)

29. Turning Point in Eastern Europe
Germans not invincible
150,000 dead, 91,000 taken prisoner

30. The Big Three Conferences
Casablanca – January 1943
Planned the attack of Italy, take Sicily first
“unconditional surrender”

31. Teheran Conference Iran, November 1943
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
Plans for D-Day set
Stalin dominated – eastern Poland would be added to USSR, communist gov’ts would be set up in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, other Eastern European nations (loss of freedoms)

32. D-Day - June 6, 1944
Purpose: Liberation of France

33. Yalta – Feb. 1945 Germany divided into 4 occupation zones
Free elections in Eastern Europe – particularly Poland (Stalin never followed through)
World peace organization would be developed

34. Pacific Strategy

35. Battle of Midway June 4 - 7, 1942
Turning point of the war in the Pacific

36. Potsdam Conference July 17 – August 2, 1945
Stalin, Truman, and British PM Clement Atlee
Unconditional surrender by Japan
US announced A-bomb ready

37. Manhattan Project Einstein and Roosevelt
Los Alamos, NM – J. Robert Oppenheimer
$ 2 billion project
Bomb dropped on Hiroshima (Aug. 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (Aug. 9, 1945)

38. United Nations Became official – October 24, 1945 Purpose?
San Francisco Conference – April 1945
50 nations, 8 weeks of discussion
Became official – October 24, 1945
Purpose?

39. World Powers
United States and Soviet Union emerged from WW II as the most powerful nations
What future problems can be predicted?
Arms race begins (who can build the most powerful weapon?)