1. Of the United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland
History
Of the United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland

2. Today we will discuss The history of the United Kingdom
Founding of the United Kingdom
The Transition to the Modern Age
Rise and Fall of the British Empire

3. The Founding of the United Kingdom

4. Roman Invasion
Recorded history began in the year 55BC when Julius Caesar and his Roman troops invaded the island
Between the 8th and 5th centuries BCV, the Celts inhabited the island and became the dominant residents. The name Britain came from the Britons, a Celtic tribe.
In 43AD Britain became a Roman province and remained so until the beginning of the 5th century
What happened to the natives when the Romans invaded?
What did the Romans leave behind?

5. Roman Departure
In 410 Germanic barbarians attacked Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain in order to defend their own nation
After the Romans left groups of Germanic warriors landed in Britain
Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
From that time on ________ the language of the Angles, replaced the old Celtic language as the dominant language of the land. The country became known as
“England” or …
What are the names of the three important Germanic tribes?
Land of the Angles

7. The Anglo-Saxons
In the 8th century, the Vikings began to attack the English coast.
In order to defend against the Vikings the seven Anglo-Saxons joined together under Alfred the Great.
In 1042 the Anglo-Saxon Edward the Confessor became King of England and in he built Westminster Abbey.
Since then all of the nation’s coronation ceremonies have been held there.
1066 – Edward dies without an heir

9. Duke William of Normandy
On September 28, 1066, William crossed the English channel with a formidable army and defeated the English army, killing King Edwards successor.
On Christmas Day, 1066, William was crowned King of England in
This began the Norman Conquest
His official name is William I of England but he is commonly referred to as
Westminster Abbey
William the Conqueror

10. Henry II
After William’s death, William’s great grandson, Henry II, ascended the throne.
Henry II built up a large empire which included England and more than half of France.
He is best remembered for is reform of the courts as laws:
Introduced the jury system
Created common law throughout the country

11. Richard I
After Richard I, son of Henry II, was killed in France his brother John ascended the throne in 1199.
He was defeated in a war with France and lost Normandy in He demanded more taxes and army service from his people.
The lords became dissatisfied with John’s leadership and forced him to sign the Magna Carta on June 15, 1215.

12. The Magna Carta Contains 63 clauses, the most important being:
The King could not exact payment from his vessels without their consent
No freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of their property unless they are convicted by a jury
Merchants would be allowed to move freely
There should be the same weights and measures throughout the country
Traditional rights and privileges should be given to towns
If the King attempted to free himself from the law, the people had the right to force him to ober the law by any way possible, even with civil war.
The Magna Carta is regarded as the foundation of the British constitutionalism and it provides the basic principles for the protection of individual rights in both Britain and the United States

13. The Founding of the United Kingdom

14. Religious Reformation
People began to resent the Pope because they suspected corruption in the church. However the immediate cause of the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s attempt to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon
The Pope denied his request for divorce and so King Henry VIII started a new religion where he was the leader
King Henry declared himself to be the only and supreme head of the church of England. The Reformation, then, was a political movement in a religious guise

15. The Civil War
The Civil War broke out in 1642 between the Royalist (The Cavaliers) and the Parliamentarians (The Roundheads)
In 1646 Charles I could struggle no longer and surrendered
However, Charles eventually escaped and the Civil War broke out again until the King was recaptured and executed in 1649.
The monarchy was abolished and England was declared a commonwealth and governed as a republic

16. Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
Charles II was restored to the throne by parliament on April 23, He attempted to bring about the old social order.
He was succeeded by his brother James II who was a devout Catholic.
James attempted to reestablish Catholicism in England, but the English middle classes could not accept this.
A group of powerful people ask William (The husband of James II’s daughter Mary)
to rule England
William lands in England in November 1688 – James flees to France
William and Mary become joint rulers of England.
The following year Parliament pass the Bill of Rights which limits the power of the monarchy an guaranteed the authority of Parliament.

17. The Industrial Revolution
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in England:
Britain had a huge market
British Parliament was controlled by prosperous merchants and entrepreneurs
Britain had gained a large amount of land from France during the Seven Years War
England experience rapid economic development in the 18th century. The market demand for manufactured goods exceed the supply.

18. Industrial Revolution (con’t)
The Industrial Revolution started in the textile industry.
Important inventions
The Spinning Jenny
The Water Frame
The Spinning Mule
The Power Loom
The Steam Engine

19. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
By the end of the 19th century the Industrial Revolution had come to an end in Britain
It changed Britain in many ways including
Increased production dramatically
Britain became the most advanced industrial country in the world
Britain became the financial center of the world
Creation of a proletariat class (people who owned neither means for production nor the products)

20. The British Empire

21. The Formation of the Empire
The British Empire began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583
By 1837 Britain had long been an empire known as the First British Empire
It included the colonies of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and many small states in the West Indies
Generally these first colonies were started by individual people for business purposes
In the Victorian Age the Second British Empire was formed
Queen Victoria ruled from 1837 – 1901 (the longest of any monarchy in British history)
Queen Victoria adopts an aggressive foreign policy sending the British fleet anywhere there were resources to dominate the local people
By the end of the 19th century the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s land mass

22. Britain in the World Wars
By the beginning of the 20th century, the world had entered the period of imperialism. Britain’s dominance was challenged by other European nations and the United States.
The power balance in Europe had undergone enormous changes. A conflict of interests and colonial rivalry divided Europe into two camps:
The Central Powers The Allied Powers
Germany France
Austria-Hungary Britain
Ottoman Empire Italy
The United States

23. Effects on Britain of World War I
Nearly one million British men died and overt two million were wounded
70% of the merchant ships were sunk or damaged
Britain lost its sea supremacy
Huge national debt
Many factories closed down and taxes soared

24. World War II
As the Nazi power rose to power, a new world war was imminent
After the World War I Germany was forced to:
Give away all of its colonies
Permanently disarm
Pay huge amounts of money to the allied forces
Reluctant to fight another war British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain followed a policy of appeasement. However after Hitler invaded Poland England and France were forced to declare war on Germany
The Next Year Chamberlain resigned and Winston Churchill became Prime Minister

25. World War II (con’t)
Germany invaded France and France surrendered in June 1940
In 1941 the pressure was somewhat alleviated for England because…
Germany surrenders unconditionally on May 7, 1945.
Japan attacks The Sleeping Giant
Hitler invades Russia

26. Fall of the Empire
As a result of World War II, most of Britain’ colonies demanded and fought for independence. India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, followed by Burma and Malaya in Egypt forced the British out in 1956
In the end the Empire had been replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations, a loosely organized community of former British colonies

27. Britain since World War II
After World War II Britain adopted a foreign policy called “Three Majestic Circles”
The first circle – the commonwealth circle
The second circle – the special relationship between the United States and Great Britain
The third circle – Britain’s close relationship with Western Europe
Britain originally tried to remain isolationist in regards to other European countries.
British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher promises that the United States and Britain will stand side by side, but attempts to keep Britain out of most European affairs
Tony Blaire becomes prime minister in 1996 and pursues a more positive relationship towards Europe and participates actively in European affairs, but remains very close with the US (in particular president Bush)