1. Evidence of
evolution
Ch.12 and Ch.13

2. Put this on the cover… Evolution –
Change in the characteristics of a population (not individuals) from one generation to the next.
Evolution is CHANGE OVER TIME!

3. Flap Titles Some Evidence of Evolution comes from:
1. Fossils / Biogeography
2. Homologies – Molecular / Embryology
3. Homologies - Anatomical
Homologies:  Similar characteristics due to relatedness from common ancestors. (Put this definition with the second title)

4. Fossils
Fossils –preserved remains of an organism. Provide a snapshot of the past and can show evolutionary change
Fossils can be dated by noting their positions in layers of rocks, known as strata.
Older fossils are at lower levels.
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5. Fossils
Transitional Forms - Fossils or organisms that show the intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of its descendants.
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6. Fossils
Fossils that share similar features with modern organisms may have a shared common ancestor.
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7. Biogeography
Biogeography: Study of the distribution of species in geographic space and through geological time.
Can indicate common ancestry (if organisms are not separated by a geographic area) – descendants evolved adaptations that suited them for their new environments.
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8. Biological molecules
Scientists can look at nucleic acid sequences in DNA to find evidence of evolution, or amino acids in proteins.
Organisms that are more closely related will have fewer differences in their amino acid sequences (or DNA).
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9. Biological molecules
Similarities in amino acid sequences can indicate common ancestry
The more similar two organisms’ amino acid sequences are, the more closely related they are.
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10. Biological molecules
By comparing the bands on this DNA fingerprint, you can determine if two organisms are closely related.
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11. Embryology Embryology is the study of the development of an embryo.
An embryo is an organism in the early stages of growth and development.
At some point all vertebrates (backbone) have a tail, buds, and pharyngeal pouches.
Many scientists believe that embryonic development is evidence of evolution.
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12. Anatomical and Physiological Similarities
Homologous Structures - anatomical structures that share common ancestors. (same structure; different function)
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13. Anatomical and Physiological Similarities
Vestigial Structures – structures reduced in size or have a less important function in different organisms.
May have been
important in the
Ancestor.
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14. Divergent Evolution
Two different species share the same ancestor but evolved differently over time due to adaptations to new environments.
Organisms have homologous structures
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15. Convergent Evolution
Two different species do not share the same common ancestor, but look similar because they have adapted to similar environments
Have analogous structures – similar structures that are not due to a common ancestor
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